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1.如有“”音頻圖標(biāo)按鈕,可點(diǎn)擊該按鈕,調(diào)用外鏈音頻文件進(jìn)行播放。注意:當(dāng)調(diào)用外鏈文件彈出阻止對(duì)話框時(shí),請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊“確定”按鈕。課件使用引導(dǎo)

2.在全屏播放課件時(shí),如要切換出音頻播放界面,可按+鍵,或按鍵調(diào)出導(dǎo)航欄,點(diǎn)擊音頻播放器即可。TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandLearningObjectives1Chapterunderstandthegeography,economy,education,people,andcultureintheUK;masterthekeyfactsabouttheUK;makeanoralreportonUKsportsandlandmarksusingtheinformationfromthetexts;identifyrepresentativesymbolsoftheUK.●●●●Afterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:SectionASectionBSectionC

ExploringtheWorld

BroadeningMyHorizon

ReadingforPleasureSectionD

ThinkingAcrossCulturesSectionA

ExploringtheWorldLeadingIn1.Whatdoyouknowaboutthefollowingpictures?Discussthemingroups.LeadingIn2.MatcheachconstituentcountryoftheUnitedKingdomwithitscapitalcity.ConstituentCountriesoftheUKCapitalCities(1)England(2)Scotland(3)Wales(4)NorthernIrelandA.EdinburghB.CardiffC.LondonD.BelfastTextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomTextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Geography

TheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy[1]innorthwesternEurope,withtheoffi-cialnameoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland[2].GreatBritainisthelarg-estislandinthearchipelagoknownastheBritishIsles.Englandisthelargestandmostpopulousre-gionofGreatBritain,occupyingthesouthandeast.Walesliestothewest,andScotlandisinthe

north.NorthernIrelandisinthenortheastofIreland,whichisthesecondlargestislandintheBrit-ishIsles.Thecapital,London,isoneoftheworld’sleadingfinancialcentres.返回地理概況英國是位于歐洲西北部的君主立憲制國家,正式全稱為“大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國”。大不列顛島是不列顛群島中面積最大的島嶼,英格蘭占據(jù)該島的東南部,是大不列顛島上面積最大、人口最多的區(qū)域;威爾士地處英格蘭西側(cè),蘇格蘭則位于島嶼北部。北愛爾蘭坐落于愛爾蘭島的東北部,而愛爾蘭島是不列顛群島中的第二大島。英國首都倫敦是全球頂尖的金融中心之一。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文FormationoftheUnitedKingdom

TheActsofUnionbetweentheKingdomofEnglandandtheKingdomofScotlandin1706&1707resultedinthedissolutionofboththeParliament[3]ofEnglandandtheParliamentofScotland,therebyestablishingaunifiedKingdomofGreatBritaingovernedbyaunifiedParliamentofGreatBritain.

TheActsofUnionof1800[4]formallyincorporatedIrelandintotheBritishpoliticalprocessandfrom1January,1801createdanewstatecalledtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland,whichunitedtheKingdomofGreatBritainwiththeKingdomofIrelandtoformasinglepoliticalentity,withLondon(theEnglishcapital)servingasthecapitaloftheUnitedKingdom.返回英國的形成歷史1706年至1707年,英格蘭王國與蘇格蘭王國簽署《聯(lián)合法案》,解散英格蘭議會(huì)與蘇格蘭議會(huì),正式成立由統(tǒng)一的大不列顛議會(huì)管轄的大不列顛聯(lián)合王國。1800年通過的《聯(lián)合法案》將愛爾蘭正式納入英國政治體系,1801年1月1日,全新的“大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國”正式成立,大不列顛王國與愛爾蘭王國合并為單一政治實(shí)體,原英格蘭首都倫敦成為整個(gè)聯(lián)合王國的首都。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文

Peopleoftenconfusethenamesforthiscountry,andfrequentlymakemistakeswhenusingthem.UnitedKingdom,UK,andBritainareallpropertermsfortheentirenation,althoughthetermBritainisalsooftenusedwhenitcomestotheislandofGreatBritain.TheuseofthetermGreatBritaintorefertotheentirenationisnowoutdated;thetermGreatBritain,properlyused,refersonlytotheislandofGreatBritain,whichdoesnotincludeNorthernIreland.ThetermEnglandshouldneverbeusedtodescribeBritain,becauseEnglandisonlyonepartoftheisland.ItisalwayscorrecttocallpeoplefromEngland,Scotland,orWalesBritish,thoughpeoplefromEnglandmayalsoproperlybecalledEnglish,peoplefromScotlandScottish,andpeoplefromWalesWelsh.返回人們常?;煜@個(gè)國家的各類名稱,在使用時(shí)頻繁出錯(cuò):“UnitedKingdom”“UK”和“Britain”都是指代整個(gè)國家的正式稱謂,不過“Britain”一詞也常被用來指代大不列顛島本身。英國相關(guān)稱謂的正確用法如今用“大不列顛”指代整個(gè)聯(lián)合王國的說法已經(jīng)過時(shí)了。嚴(yán)格來說,“大不列顛”僅指大不列顛島,并不包含北愛爾蘭。絕對(duì)不能用“英格蘭”來代指整個(gè)英國,因?yàn)橛⒏裉m只是大不列顛島上的一個(gè)組成部分。稱呼來自英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士的民眾為“英國人(British)”永遠(yuǎn)是準(zhǔn)確的;除此之外,英格蘭人也可被稱為“English”,蘇格蘭人可被稱為“Scottish”,威爾士人可被稱為“Welsh”,這些稱謂也都符合規(guī)范。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Government

Inabroadsense,theBritishgovernmentcomprisesthemonarch,theParliamentandtheexecutivebranchledbythePrimeMinister.ThePrimeMinisterformsaCabinet.TheCabinetinitiatespolicies,proposesallimportantbillsintheParliament,andcoordinatestheworkofdifferentgovernmentdepartments.ThePrimeMinisterwhoservesastheleaderoftheCabinetandheadstheentireGovernment,bearsultimateresponsibilityforthegovernment’spoliciesanddecisions.返回英國政府體系從廣義層面來看,英國政府由君主、議會(huì),以及由首相領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的行政分支共同組成。首相負(fù)責(zé)組建內(nèi)閣,內(nèi)閣的核心職能是發(fā)起政策制定、向議會(huì)提交所有重要法案,同時(shí)統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)不同政府部門的工作。作為內(nèi)閣領(lǐng)袖和整個(gè)英國政府的最高負(fù)責(zé)人,首相對(duì)政府的所有政策和決策承擔(dān)最終責(zé)任。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文

TheParliamentisthelaw-makingbodyoftheUnitedKingdom.Itcomprisesthemonarch,oftenreferredtoastheCrown,theHouseofLords[5],andtheHouseofCommons.Themonarch’sroleisonlyceremonial,unpoliticalandsymbolic.TheHouseofLords,sometimesreferredtoastheUpperHouse,consistsoftwogroupsofmembers:areligiousgroupandaseculargroup.OneimportantroleoftheHouseofLordsisitsfunctionasthehighestcourtoftheUnitedKingdom.TheHouseofCommonsiscomposedof650electedmemberswhoarecalledMPsforshort.Theseatsaredistributedaccordingtothepopulation.Itsmostimportantfunctionistomakelaws,knownas“ActofParliament”.返回議會(huì)是英國的立法機(jī)構(gòu),由常被稱為“王室”的君主、上議院和下議院三部分構(gòu)成。君主的角色僅為儀式性、非政治性的象征角色。上議院也被稱為“上院”,議員分為兩大群體:宗教界議員和世俗界議員,它的一項(xiàng)核心職能是作為英國的最高法院行使司法權(quán)。下議院由650名經(jīng)選舉產(chǎn)生的議員組成,這些議員的簡稱為MP,議席數(shù)量按人口比例分配,其最重要的職能是制定法律,這類正式法律被稱為“議會(huì)法案”。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文

TheorganizationoflocalgovernmentintheUnitedKingdomvariesfromregiontoregion.Traditionally,mostpartsofthecountryhadatwo-tiersystem:county,shire,orboroughcouncilsanddistrictcouncils.Localcouncilsarecontrolledbylawsandpoliciesestablishedbythecentralgovernment,particularlyconcerningbudgetsandspending.Thecouncilorsofthelocalgovernmentareallelected.返回英國的地方政府組織形式在不同地區(qū)存在差異。傳統(tǒng)上,英國大部分地區(qū)采用兩級(jí)治理體系:郡/郡級(jí)市/自治市鎮(zhèn)議會(huì),以及區(qū)議會(huì)。地方議會(huì)的運(yùn)行受中央政府制定的法律和政策約束,在預(yù)算和支出管理方面的管控尤為嚴(yán)格,地方議會(huì)的所有議員均由選舉產(chǎn)生。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文BritishLaw

Britishlawconsistsoftwoparts:thecivilandthecriminallaw,andtherearedifferentcourtsatvariouslevelstohandlecasesineachcategory.AlljudgesareappointedbytheQueenontheadviceofthePrimeMinisterandareirremovable.LawyersintheUnitedKingdomaredividedintotwogroups:thesolicitorsandthebarristers.返回英國法律體系英國法律分為民法和刑法兩大類別,對(duì)應(yīng)設(shè)有不同層級(jí)的法院,分別處理兩類案件。所有法官均由首相提名、女王任命,一經(jīng)任命便不得被隨意罷免。英國的律師主要分為兩類:事務(wù)律師(solicitors)和出庭律師(barristers)。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Climate

TheUnitedKingdomisasmallnationinphysicalsize.At244,110sqkm,liketherestofnorthernEurope,itiswarmedbytheGulfStreamflowingoutoftheNorthAtlanticOcean.Theclimate,ingeneral,ismild,chilly,andoftenwet.Rainorovercastskiescanbeexpectedforupto300daysperyear.TheseconditionsmakeBritainlushandgreen,withrollingplainsinthesouthandtheeastandroughhillsandmountainsinthewestandthenorth.返回英國氣候特征英國國土面積不大,總面積為24.411萬平方公里。和北歐其他地區(qū)一樣,受北大西洋暖流帶來的墨西哥灣流影響,英國整體氣候溫和濕潤,冬無嚴(yán)寒夏無酷暑,全年降水分布均勻,屬于典型的溫帶海洋性氣候。英國整體氣候溫和偏涼,常年濕潤多雨,全年降雨或陰天的天數(shù)可達(dá)300天。這樣的氣候讓英國植被繁茂、綠意盎然:東南部以連綿起伏的平原為主,西部和北部則分布著崎嶇的丘陵與山地。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Population

Despiteitsrelativelysmallsize,theUKishighlypopulated,withanestimatedpopulationdensityof283.1personspersqkmin2023.Itiseconomicallyhighlydeveloped,preeminentintheartsandsciences,andtechnologicallysophisticated.ItisoneofthemoreaffluentstatesinEuropeandenjoysahighstandardoflivingcomparedwiththerestoftheworld.返回人口概況盡管國土面積相對(duì)狹小,英國人口密度較高,2023年統(tǒng)計(jì)的人口密度約為每平方公里283.1人。英國經(jīng)濟(jì)高度發(fā)達(dá),在藝術(shù)、科學(xué)領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)突出,科技實(shí)力雄厚,是歐洲較為富裕的國家之一,國民生活水平位居世界前列。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Economy

TheUKeconomyismadeup(indescendingorderofsize)oftheeconomiesofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.Basedonmarketexchangerates,theUnitedKingdomistodaythesixthlargesteconomyintheworldandthesecondlargestinEuropeafterGermany(2025).返回經(jīng)濟(jì)概況英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)總量按規(guī)模從大到小排序,依次由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)體共同組成。按市場(chǎng)匯率計(jì)算,2025年英國是全球第六大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,同時(shí)是歐洲僅次于德國的第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文

TheUKisadevelopedcountry.Itwastheworld’sfirstindustrializedcountryandtheworld’sforemostpowerduringthe19thandearly20thcenturies,buttheeconomiccostoftwoworldwarsandthedeclineofitsempireinthelatterhalfofthe20thcenturydiminisheditsleadingroleinglobalaffairs.TheUKneverthelessremainsamajorpowerwithstrongeconomic,cultural,militaryandpoliticalinfluence.Itisanuclearpowerandthedefencespendingishigh.ItholdsapermanentseatontheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil,andisamemberoftheG7[6],NATO[7],OECD[8],theWorldTradeOrganizationandtheCommonwealthofNations.返回作為老牌發(fā)達(dá)國家,英國是世界上第一個(gè)完成工業(yè)化的國家,在19世紀(jì)至20世紀(jì)初曾是全球頭號(hào)強(qiáng)國。但兩次世界大戰(zhàn)帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)消耗,加上20世紀(jì)后半葉殖民帝國的衰落,讓它在全球事務(wù)中的主導(dǎo)地位有所下降。即便如此,英國至今仍是具備強(qiáng)大經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、軍事和政治影響力的世界主要大國之一:它是擁核國家,國防開支規(guī)模較高,同時(shí)是聯(lián)合國安理會(huì)常任理事國,也是七國集團(tuán)、北大西洋公約組織、經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織、世界貿(mào)易組織以及英聯(lián)邦的成員國。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文AgricultureandIndustry

TheUK’smildclimatehasprovidedthecountrywithafavorableenvironmentforagricultureandanimalhusbandry.TheUK’sagricultureisdistinguishedbytwooutstandingfeatures:thesmallproportionofpopulationengagedinagriculturalactivitiesandthehighdegreeofmechanization.ThemostimportantcropsintheUKarewheat,barley,sugarbeetandpotatoes.

Onceknownasthe“workshopoftheworld”,theUK’smanufacturingandtextileindustrieshavebeendecliningdramaticallyoverthelasttwodecadesorso.Ithasdominanceintheproductionofcertainchemicalproducts,especiallypaint.Itsindustrialdevelopmentiswellbackedupbyitsironandsteelindustry,whichtoalargeextentisgovernment-controlled.返回農(nóng)業(yè)與工業(yè)英國溫和的氣候?yàn)檗r(nóng)牧業(yè)發(fā)展提供了優(yōu)越的自然條件。英國農(nóng)業(yè)有兩大顯著特點(diǎn):從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的人口占比極低,同時(shí)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化程度極高。英國的主要農(nóng)作物包括小麥、大麥、甜菜和馬鈴薯。英國曾被稱為“世界工廠”,但過去二十年間,其制造業(yè)和紡織業(yè)規(guī)模出現(xiàn)大幅下滑。目前它在部分化工產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域仍保持優(yōu)勢(shì),尤其在涂料生產(chǎn)方面具備領(lǐng)先地位;同時(shí)英國的鋼鐵工業(yè)為整體工業(yè)發(fā)展提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)支撐,該行業(yè)在很大程度上由政府管控。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文NaturalResources

TheUnitedKingdomisendowedwithsomemajornaturalresources:coal,oilandgas,etc.Itisalsoself-sufficientinnonmetallicmineralslikesand,gravel,chalk,limestone,salt,slate,andchinaclay,etc.Service

ServiceindustryistheUK’smostrapidlygrowingandthemostimportantsectorofthenationaleconomy.返回自然資源英國擁有煤炭、石油、天然氣等重要核心自然資源,同時(shí)砂石、白堊、石灰石、鹽、板巖、瓷土等非金屬礦產(chǎn)也能實(shí)現(xiàn)完全自給。服務(wù)業(yè)服務(wù)業(yè)是英國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中增長最快、同時(shí)也是最重要的核心產(chǎn)業(yè)板塊。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文A.FinancialService

TheUKboastsoneoftheworld’soldest,mostextensive,andmosthighlydevelopedfinancial

systems.Londonisoneofthethreefinancialcentresoftheworld.AttheheartoftheBritishfinancialsystemistheBankofEngland,whichfunctionsasBritain’scentralbank.BesidestheBankofEngland,Britainhasmanycommercialbanks.Apartfrombanks,therearealsootherfinancialinstitutions,amongwhichthemostfamousistheLondonStockExchange.返回A.金融服務(wù)業(yè)英國擁有全球歷史最悠久、覆蓋范圍最廣、發(fā)展成熟度最高的金融體系之一,倫敦是全球三大金融中心之一。英國金融體系的核心是英格蘭銀行,它承擔(dān)著英國中央銀行的職能。除英格蘭銀行外,英國境內(nèi)還有數(shù)量眾多的商業(yè)銀行;銀行體系之外還分布著各類其他金融機(jī)構(gòu),其中最負(fù)盛名的就是倫敦證券交易所。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文B.TourismandTransportationService

TheUKisoneofthelargesttouristcountriesintheworld.Tourismisanotherpillarofthecountry’sserviceindustry.Britain’stransportationsystemiswelldeveloped,andimportantmeansoftransportationincluderailways,highways,airlines,shipping,etc.返回B.旅游與交通服務(wù)業(yè)英國是全球范圍內(nèi)的旅游大國之一,旅游業(yè)是英國服務(wù)業(yè)的另一大支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。英國的交通體系十分完善,核心交通方式涵蓋鐵路、公路、航空、航運(yùn)等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文C.TradeService

Britainhasbeenatradingcountryforhundredsofyears.Itsimportantexportedgoodsaremanufacturedgoods,fuels,chemicals,food,beverages,andtobacco;itsimportantimportedgoodsaremanufacturedgoods,machinery,fuels,andfoodstuffs.ItsmostimportanttradepartnersaretheUnitedStates,majorEuropeancountriesandIreland.返回C.貿(mào)易服務(wù)業(yè)英國作為貿(mào)易國家的發(fā)展歷史已有數(shù)百年。它的主要出口商品包括工業(yè)制成品、燃料、化工產(chǎn)品、食品、飲品和煙草;主要進(jìn)口商品則包含工業(yè)制成品、機(jī)械設(shè)備、燃料和食品原料。英國最核心的貿(mào)易合作伙伴是美國、歐洲主要國家以及愛爾蘭。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Literature

BritishliteraturereferstoliteratureassociatedwiththeUnitedKingdom,theIsleofManandtheChannelIslandsaswellastoliteraturefromEngland,WalesandScotlandpriortotheformationoftheUnitedKingdom.MostBritishliteratureisintheEnglishlanguage.

TheEnglishplaywrightandpoetWilliamShakespeareiswidelyregardedasthegreatestdramatistofalltime.AmongtheearliestEnglishwritersareGeoffreyofMonmouth(the12thcentury),GeoffreyChaucer(the14thcentury),andThomasMalory(the15thcentury).返回英國文學(xué)英國文學(xué)的覆蓋范圍包含與聯(lián)合王國、馬恩島、海峽群島相關(guān)的文學(xué)作品,也涵蓋了聯(lián)合王國正式成立之前,來自英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭地區(qū)的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。絕大多數(shù)英國文學(xué)作品都以英語創(chuàng)作完成。英國劇作家、詩人威廉·莎士比亞被公認(rèn)為有史以來最偉大的戲劇家。英國早期知名作家包括12世紀(jì)的杰弗里·蒙茅斯、14世紀(jì)的杰弗雷·喬叟,以及15世紀(jì)的托馬斯·馬洛禮。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Inthe18thcentury,SamuelRichardsonwasoftencreditedwithinventingthemodernnovel.Inthe19thcentury,therewasfurtherinnovationbyJaneAusten,theBront?sisters,thesocialcampaignerCharlesDickens,thenaturalistThomasHardy,thevisionarypoetWilliamBlakeandtheromanticpoetWilliamWordsworth.The20thcenturywritersincludethesciencefictionnovelistH.G.Wells,thecontroversialD.H.Lawrence,themodernistVirginiaWoolf,thesatiristEvelynWaugh,thepropheticnovelistGeorgeOrwell,thepopularnovelistGrahamGreene,andthepoetsJohnBetjemanandTedHughes.Mostrecently,thechildren’sfantasy“HarryPotter”seriesbyJ.K.RowlinghasrecalledthepopularityofJ.R.R.Tolkien.返回18世紀(jì),塞繆爾·理查森被公認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代小說的開創(chuàng)者。19世紀(jì),英國文學(xué)迎來了更多創(chuàng)新突破,代表人物包括簡·奧斯汀、勃朗特姐妹、社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)倡導(dǎo)者查爾斯·狄更斯、自然主義作家托馬斯·哈代、富有遠(yuǎn)見的詩人威廉·布萊克,以及浪漫主義詩人威廉·華茲華斯。20世紀(jì)的知名作家則包括科幻小說家H.G.威爾斯、頗具爭議的D.H.勞倫斯、現(xiàn)代主義代表弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫、諷刺作家伊夫林·沃、預(yù)言式小說家喬治·奧威爾、通俗小說家格雷厄姆·格林,還有詩人約翰·貝杰曼和泰德·休斯。近些年,J.K.羅琳創(chuàng)作的兒童奇幻作品《哈利·波特》系列,讓J.R.R.托爾金的作品重新回到了大眾視野,掀起了新一輪的奇幻文學(xué)熱潮。TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom參考譯文Welfare

TheUnitedKingdomhasoneofthebestsocialwelfareprogramsinEurope.ThekeyelementsofthewelfarestateincludeSocialSecurity,theNationalHealthService,theHousingProgram,EducationandPersonalServices.返回福利保障英國擁有歐洲最完善的社會(huì)福利項(xiàng)目之一。福利國家的關(guān)鍵組成部分包括社會(huì)保障、國民醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系、住房計(jì)劃、教育以及個(gè)人服務(wù)。Notes1.constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制。是相對(duì)于君主專制的一種國家體制。君主立憲制是在保留君主制的前提下,通過立憲,樹立人民主權(quán)原則,限制君主權(quán)力,實(shí)現(xiàn)事務(wù)管理上的共和主義理想,但不采用共和政體。2.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland:全名為“大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國”,簡稱“英國”。位于歐洲大陸西北面,隔英吉利海峽和多佛爾海峽與歐洲大陸相望。由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭四個(gè)地區(qū)組成。首都倫敦。西、北部主要分布著久經(jīng)侵蝕的高原和山地,東南部為低地。溫帶海洋性氣候。是最早實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的國家之一。Notes3.Parliament議會(huì),也稱“國會(huì)”。通常是資本主義國家的立法機(jī)關(guān),具有監(jiān)督政府等職能。其成員稱議員,大多數(shù)由選舉產(chǎn)生,也有一部分由國家元首任命或以特定身份充任。多數(shù)國家議會(huì)為兩院制,少數(shù)為一院制。有議會(huì)的國家不一定實(shí)行議會(huì)制,也可能實(shí)行二元制等其他政體。4.TheActsofUnion1800《1800年聯(lián)合法案》。該法案于1800年8月1日經(jīng)王室同意通過,于1801年1月1日聯(lián)合愛爾蘭王國和大不列顛王國(大不列顛王國根據(jù)《1707年聯(lián)合法案》由英格蘭王國和蘇格蘭王國合并而成)成立了大不列顛和愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。在此項(xiàng)法案出臺(tái)之前,愛爾蘭王國與英格蘭王國自1541年起一直是共主邦聯(lián),當(dāng)時(shí),新教徒占主導(dǎo)的愛爾蘭議會(huì)宣布英格蘭國王亨利八世為愛爾蘭國王。Notes5.theHouseofLords上議院。是兩院制國家或自治區(qū)等行政區(qū)的國會(huì)議院之一。一般來說,上議院的議席分配方式不同于下議院,它并非按照人口比例分配。在聯(lián)邦制國家,參議院的議席會(huì)按聯(lián)邦的組成部分(如州、邦等)分配,不論人口多寡。6.G7七國集團(tuán)。指的是七個(gè)主要工業(yè)國:美國、英國、法國、德國、加拿大、日本、意大利。俄羅斯于1997年加入后變?yōu)榘藝瘓F(tuán),2014年起俄羅斯因克里米亞問題被暫停成員國資格,目前恢復(fù)為七國集團(tuán)。Notes7.NATO:NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization北大西洋公約組織,簡稱北約。是歐洲和北美國家為實(shí)現(xiàn)防衛(wèi)合作而建立的國際組織。8.OECD:OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織,簡稱經(jīng)合組織(OECD)。是由38個(gè)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國家組成的政府間國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織,旨在共同應(yīng)對(duì)全球化帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和政府治理等方面的挑戰(zhàn),并把握全球化帶來的機(jī)遇。成立于1961年,總部設(shè)在法國巴黎。VocabularyPowerconstitutional[?k?nst?'tju:??nl]monarchy['m?n?ki]dissolution[?d?s?'lu:?n]overcast[???v?'kɑ?st]lush[l??]density['dens?ti]preeminent[pr?'em?n?nt]sophisticated[s?'f?st?ke?t?d]affluent['?flu?nt]descend[d?'send]diminish[d?'m?n??]a.n.n.a.a.n.a.a.a.v.v.憲法的君主政體分解,分離多云的茂盛的,繁榮的密度優(yōu)越的,卓越的高級(jí)的,老于世故的富有的下來,下降,下傾減少,減小LessonReviewTask1Matcheachstatementwiththeproperword.1.constitution2.monarchy3.dissolution4.assimilate5.overcast6.lush7.density8.preeminent9.sophisticated10.affluent11.descend12.diminishA.todecreaseinsize,extent,orrangeB.tocomeorgodownfromahighertoalowerlevelC.alteredbyeducation,experience,etc.,soastobeworldly-wise;notnaiveD.thedegreetowhichsomethingisfilled,crowded,oroccupiedE.eminentaboveothers;excellingothers,esp.inaparticularquality;surpassingF.growingthicklyandstronglyinawaythatisattractiveG.coveredwithcloudsH.tobecomesimilartoone’senvironmentI.separationintocomponentpartsJ.aformofgovernmentinwhichsupremeauthorityisvestedinasingleandusuallyhereditaryfigure,suchasakingK.thelawdeterminingthefundamentalpoliticalprinciplesofagovernmentL.havingalotofmoneyandagoodstandardoflivingLessonReviewTask2ExploretheUKandintroducethecountrybrieflybymakinguseofthefollowinginformation.1.Location?lieoffthenorthwesterncoastofEuropebeseparatedfromtheEuropeanmainlandbytheEnglishChannelandtheNorthSeabeborderedbytheAtlanticOceantothewest??LessonReview2.CapitalCity?bethepolitical,economicandculturalcenteroftheUKhouseimportantgovernmentinstitutionsliketheHousesofParliamentbeaglobalfinancialandculturalhub??LessonReview3.Population?haveapopulationofapproximately[X]millionshowanunevendistributionacrossdifferentregionshavehigherpopulationdensitiesinurbanareas??4.Climate?haveatemperatemaritimeclimatefeaturemildwintersandcoolsummersbecharacterizedbyfrequentrainfallthroughouttheyear??LessonReview5.History?havealongandrichhistorydatingbacktoancienttimesexperiencesignificanteventsliketheNormanConquestin1066gothroughperiodsofempire-buildingandindustrialization??LessonReview6.Language?haveEnglishastheofficiallanguagealsohaveregionallanguageslikeWelshinWalesandGaelicinScotlandshowdiverseaccentsanddialectsacrossthecountry??LessonReview7.PlacesofInterest?befamousforhistoricallandmarkssuchastheTowerofLondonhavenaturalwondersliketheLakeDistrictboastculturalattractionsliketheBritishMuseum??LessonReviewTask3CompletethefollowingformconcerningtheUK.YoucanuseAItoolstosearchforinformationnotcoveredinthetext.CapitalOfficialLanguage(s)RecognizedRegionalLanguage(s)GovernmentMonarchTotalAreaPopulationClimateLondonEnglishWelsh,ScottishGaelicConstitutionalMonarchyKingCharlesIIIAbout244,100squarekilometersApproximately67.7million(2025estimatedfigure)Temperatemaritimeclimate,featuringmildwinters,coolsummersandevenlydistributedrainfallallyearroundLessonReviewCurrencyTimeZoneCallingCodePoundSterling(GBP)GreenwichMeanTime(GMT),BritishSummerTime(BST)fordaylightsavingperiod+44LessonReviewTask4ConductasurveyofthemainimportsandexportsoftheUK.TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUK

TheUKisamulticulturalcountry.Londonhasthelargestnon-whitepopulationofanyEuropeancityandover300languagesarespokenthere.Therefore,notallBritishpeopleareWhiteorChristians.Britainisamulti-faithsocietyinwhicheveryonehastherighttoreligiousfreedom.AlthoughBritainishistoricallyaChristiansociety,peopleareusuallyverytolerantofthefaithsofothersandthosewhohavenoreligiousbeliefs.參考譯文返回英國人文與文化小貼士英國是一個(gè)多元文化國家。倫敦是歐洲城市中非白人人口占比最高的城市,當(dāng)?shù)厥褂玫恼Z言超過300種。因此,并非所有英國人都是白人或基督教信徒。英國是一個(gè)多信仰社會(huì),人人都享有宗教信仰自由的權(quán)利。盡管英國在歷史上是一個(gè)基督教社會(huì),但民眾通常對(duì)他人的信仰以及無宗教信仰的群體都十分包容。TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUK

TheUKnowhasapopulationofabout67.89million,ofwhichover80%liveinEngland,especiallyaroundLondonandtheThamesestuaryareas.TherestaredistributedinScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.ThemajorityofthispopulationisdescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons.MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredescendantsoftheCelticpeoplewhoweretheearliestknowninhabitantsofGreatBritain.IthasaconsiderablenumberofItalians,Greeks,Australians,andNewZealanders,andmanyimmigrantsfromAfricaandAsia.參考譯文返回當(dāng)前英國總?cè)丝诩s為6789萬,其中超過80%的人口居住在英格蘭,尤其集中在倫敦及泰晤士河河口周邊區(qū)域,其余人口分布在蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭。英國人口的主體是盎格魯-撒克遜人的后裔,威爾士和蘇格蘭的大部分民眾是凱爾特人的后裔,而凱爾特人是大不列顛島已知最早的原住民。英國境內(nèi)還有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的意大利裔、希臘裔、澳大利亞裔、新西蘭裔居民,以及大量來自非洲和亞洲的移民群體。TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUK

TheBritisharesaidtobereservedinmanners,dressandspeech.Theyarefamousfortheirpoliteness,self-disciplineandespeciallyfortheirsenseofhumour.Basicpoliteness(please,thankyou,excuseme)isexpected.Britishpeoplehaveastrongsenseofhumourwhichsometimescanbehardforforeignerstounderstand.

Britishpeopleplaceconsiderablevalueonpunctuality.Ifyouagreetomeetfriendsatthreeo’clock,youcanbetthatthey’llbetherejustafterthree.SinceBritonsaresotime-conscious,thepaceoflifemayseemveryrushed.InBritain,peoplemakegreatefforttoarriveontime.Itisoftenconsideredimpolitetoarriveevenafewminuteslate.Ifyouareunabletokeepanappointment,itisexpectedthatyoucallthepersonyouaremeeting.Somegeneraltipsareasfollows:參考譯文返回英國人在言行舉止、著裝和談吐方面素來以內(nèi)斂著稱,以禮貌、自律,尤其是幽默感聞名。日常交流中“請(qǐng)”“謝謝”“打擾一下”這類基礎(chǔ)禮貌用語是必備素養(yǎng)。英國人的幽默感十分鮮明,有時(shí)對(duì)外國人來說較難理解。英國人非常看重守時(shí)。如果你和朋友約定三點(diǎn)見面,完全可以確定他們會(huì)在三點(diǎn)剛過就抵達(dá)。由于英國人的時(shí)間觀念極強(qiáng),當(dāng)?shù)氐纳罟?jié)奏看起來會(huì)十分緊湊。在英國,人們會(huì)盡全力準(zhǔn)時(shí)抵達(dá),哪怕只遲到幾分鐘也常被視為不禮貌的行為。若你無法赴約,理應(yīng)提前致電告知對(duì)方。以下是一些通用的守時(shí)小貼士:TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUK

*Youshouldarriveattheexacttimespecifiedfordinner,lunch,orappointmentswithprofessors,doctors,andotherprofessionals.

*Youshouldarriveatanytimeduringthehoursspecifiedforteas,receptions,andcocktailparties.

*Youshouldarriveafewminutesearlierforpublicmeetings,plays,concerts,movies,sportingevents,classes,churchservices,andweddings.

Ifyouareinvitedtosomeone’shousefordinnerathalfpastseven,theywillexpectyoutobethereonthedot.Aninvitationmightstate“7:30to8:00”,inwhichcaseyoushouldarrivenolaterthan7:50.參考譯文返回赴正餐、午餐,或是與教授、醫(yī)生等專業(yè)人士會(huì)面時(shí),需要嚴(yán)格在約定的準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)時(shí)間抵達(dá)。參加茶會(huì)、招待會(huì)、雞尾酒會(huì)時(shí),可在指定的時(shí)段內(nèi)任意時(shí)間到場(chǎng)。出席公開會(huì)議、戲劇演出、音樂會(huì)、電影放映、體育賽事、課程、禮拜儀式以及婚禮時(shí),需要提前幾分鐘抵達(dá)。如果你受邀在七點(diǎn)半前往他人家中赴晚宴,主人會(huì)期望你準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)抵達(dá)。如果邀請(qǐng)函上標(biāo)注的時(shí)間是“7:30至8:00”,這種情況下你最晚不應(yīng)遲于7:50到場(chǎng)。TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUKInvitations

“Dropinanytime”and“comeseemesoon”areidiomsoftenusedinsocialsettingsbutseldommeanttobetakenliterally.Itiswisetotelephonebeforevisitingsomeoneathome.Ifyoureceiveawritteninvitationtoaneventthatsays“RSVP”[1],youshouldrespondtoletthepersonwhosenttheinvitationknowwhetherornotyouplantoattend.

Neveracceptaninvitationunlessyoureallyplantogo.Youmayrefusebysaying,“Thankyouforinvitingme,butIwillnotbeabletocome.”If,afteraccepting,youareunabletoattend,besuretotellthoseexpectingyouasfarinadvanceaspossiblethatyouwillnotbethere.參考譯文返回邀請(qǐng)相關(guān)禮儀“隨時(shí)來串門”“有空常來坐坐”是社交場(chǎng)合中常用的客套表達(dá),大多不能按字面意思直接當(dāng)真。在登門拜訪他人前,提前致電確認(rèn)是十分穩(wěn)妥的做法。如果你收到一份標(biāo)注有“請(qǐng)回復(fù)(RSVP)”的書面活動(dòng)邀請(qǐng),應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)回復(fù)發(fā)件人,告知對(duì)方你是否計(jì)劃出席。除非你確實(shí)打算赴約,否則不要隨意接受邀請(qǐng)。你可以禮貌拒絕:“感謝你的邀請(qǐng),但我無法到場(chǎng)?!比绻诮邮苎?qǐng)后因故無法出席,務(wù)必盡可能提前告知等待你赴約的人,說明你無法到場(chǎng)的情況。TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUK

Althoughitisnotnecessarilyexpectedthatyougiveagifttoyourhost,itisconsideredpolitetodoso,especiallyifyouhavebeeninvitedforameal.Flowers,chocolate,orsmallgiftsareallappropriate.Athank-younoteortelephonecallafterthevisitisalsoconsideredpoliteandisanappropriatemeanstoexpressyourappreciationfortheinvitation.Dress

Everydaydressisappropriateformostvisitstopeople’shomes.Youmaywanttodressmoreformallywhenattendingaholidaydinnerorculturalevent,suchasaconcertortheatreperformance.參考譯文返回主人未必會(huì)要求你攜帶禮物,但帶一份小禮物會(huì)被視為得體的行為,受邀赴宴時(shí)尤其如此。鮮花、巧克力或是其他小禮品都是十分合適的選擇。拜訪結(jié)束后寄出一封感謝信或是致電致謝,同樣是禮貌的做法,能很好地表達(dá)你對(duì)此次邀請(qǐng)的感激之情。著裝要求大多數(shù)登門拜訪的場(chǎng)景,日常休閑著裝就完全適配。如果要出席節(jié)日晚宴或是音樂會(huì)、戲劇演出這類文化活動(dòng),你則需要選擇更正式的著裝。TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUKIntroductionandGreeting

Itispropertoshakehandswitheveryonetowhomyouareintroduced,bothmenandwomen.Anappropriateresponsetoanintroductionis“Pleasedtomeetyou.”Ifyouwanttointroduceyourselftosomeone,extendyourhandforahandshakeandsay“Hello,Iam...”Huggingisonlyforfriends.Dining

Whenyouacceptadinnerinvitation,tellyourhostifyouhaveanydietaryrestrictions.Heorshewillwanttoplanamealthatyoucanenjoy.TheeveningmealisthemainmealofthedayinmostpartsoftheUK.參考譯文返回介紹與問候禮儀被引薦給他人時(shí),和對(duì)方握手是得體的做法,無論對(duì)方是男性還是女性。被介紹時(shí),合適的回應(yīng)是“很高興認(rèn)識(shí)你”。如果你想向陌生人自我介紹,可以主動(dòng)伸手示意握手,同時(shí)說“你好,我是……”。在英國,擁抱僅適用于朋友之間。用餐禮儀當(dāng)你接受晚宴邀請(qǐng)時(shí),如果有飲食禁忌,一定要提前告知主人,方便對(duì)方準(zhǔn)備你也能享用的餐食。在英國大部分地區(qū),晚餐是一天中的主餐。TextB

PeopleandCulturalTipsoftheUK

Foodmaybeservedinoneofseveralways:“familystyle”,bypassingtheservingplatesfromonetoanotheraroundthediningtable;“buffet[2]style”,withguestsservingthemselvesatthebuffet;and“servingstyle”,withthehostfillingeachplateandpassingittoeachperson.Guestsusuallywaituntileveryoneattheirtablehasbeenservedbeforetheybegintoeat.Foodiseatenwithaknifeandforkanddessertwithaspoonandfork.參考譯文返回餐食的上菜方式通常分為幾種:“家庭式”是將盛菜的餐盤在餐桌上依次傳遞,大家自行取餐;“自助式”是賓客自行到餐臺(tái)取用食物;“分餐式”則是主人將每一份餐食裝盤后,依次遞給每位賓客。賓客通常要等餐桌上所有人都分到餐食后,才開始用餐。正餐用刀叉進(jìn)食,甜點(diǎn)則搭配勺子和叉子食用。Notes1.RSVP:來自法語中的“RépondezS’ilVousPla?t”,意為“請(qǐng)回復(fù)”,常出現(xiàn)在英文邀請(qǐng)信中,用于請(qǐng)求受邀者告知是否能參加活動(dòng)。2.buffet:一種用餐方式,食客可自行從擺放在餐桌或餐臺(tái)上的多種食物中選取所需。VocabularyPowertolerant['t?l?r?nt]reserved[r?'z?:vd]considerable[k?n's?d?r?bl]punctuality[?p??kt?u'?l?ti]appropriate[?'pr??pri?t]a.a.a.n.a.寬大的,寬容的有節(jié)制的,內(nèi)斂的,緘默的相當(dāng)大的,重要的準(zhǔn)時(shí)適當(dāng)?shù)?,恰?dāng)?shù)腖essonReviewTask1Matcheachstatementwiththeproperword.1.tolerant2.reserved3.considerable4.punctuality5.appropriateA.largeorrelativelylargeinnumber,amount,extentordegreeacceptingofdifferencesthequalityorhabitofadheringtoanappointedtimerightorsuitable;fittingnotoverlyexpressiveoropenB.C.D.E.LessonReviewTask2Mannersaree

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