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初中英語詞匯和語法總結
噩
L名詞
2.形容詞
形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質或特征。
1)敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,
也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid
害怕的。
(錯)Heisanillman.
(對)Themanisill.
(錯)Sheisanafraidgirl.
(對)Thegirlisafraid.
這類詞還有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,
awake等。
2)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing
為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如:
somethingnice
3.副詞及其基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。
Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.
副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。
HespeaksEnglishwell.
注意:副詞very可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。
改錯:(錯)IverylikeEnglish.(對)IlikeEnglishverymuch.
注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
Idon'tknowhimwellenough.
Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.
Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.
4.介詞(prep)后面跟名詞、動名詞、代詞
5、代詞
6、連詞
7、動詞
一、賓語從句:
L主句若是一般現在時,從句根據實際情況用適當時態。
Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.
Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.
Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.
2.主句若是一般過去時,從句要用過去的時態。
HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhad
gotwell.
ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.
3.無論主句是何時態,從句若表客觀真理,要用一般現在時。
Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.
4賓語從句無論有何引導詞,都要用陳述句語序。
CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)
Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)
二.狀語從句:
1主句若是一般將來時、祈使句或含不表過去的情態動詞等,則if(如果),
unless(除非),when(當…的時候),assoonas(—...就…),before,after,until,till,
as(當…的時候)所引導的狀語從句用一般現在時。
Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.
IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.
Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.
2而主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時,如:
IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.
Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.
Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.
三.定語從句:
關系代詞who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必
須跟有名詞,既指人,也可指物。關系詞作主語時,不可省略,作賓語時可省略。
whom只指人,只作賓語。關系副詞where指"在那里",when指"在那時"。
Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautifulandkind-hearted.
Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.
Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所屬)
Thegirlwhoistallismysister./1ownabikewhosepriceishigh.
Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)
Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.
IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.(在這JL,)
Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.
四.wish和hope:
1.wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that從句.
IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.
IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.
Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.
2hope接todosth.或that從句.但不接sbtodosth.
Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.
Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.
五.thanksfor和thanksto:
thankst。是"多虧了,由于"的意思
Thankstotheteacher,orwecan'tfinishthework.多虧了我們的老師,否
則我們不能完成作業
thanksfor是"因。。。而感謝某人的意思,這里的thanks可以說成thankyou,
但是上個結構中不能
Thanksforyourletter謝謝你的來信
Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.
Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn,tmakesuchmistakes.
六.感官動詞用法之一:
see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等詞,后接賓語,再接動詞原形/動詞
ing,分別表示全過程和正在進行。句中有頻率詞時,以上的詞也常跟動詞原形。
IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正進行)
Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(聽的是全過程)
Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(頻率詞)
若以上詞用于被動語態,后面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式:
Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.一
Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.
七.感官動詞用法之二:
look,sound,smell,taste,feel可當系動詞,后接形容詞。
Helookshappy.
Itsoundsgood.
Theflowerssmellbeautiful.
Thesweetstastesweet.
Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.
這些動詞不用于被動語態。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是錯誤的。
注意:如果加介詞like,則后不可接形容詞,而接名詞或代詞:
Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.
Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.
八.find和think部分用法:
find和think+賓語+賓語補足語。(代替賓從)
賓補有以下情況:
1.名詞短語,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.
2.形容詞短語,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.
3.有時賓補后可接帶to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.
九.wouldlike/want/feellike:
1wouldlike,和want類似:
?都可接名詞短語:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.
。都可接帶to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.
。都可接sb,然后再跟帶to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.
2feellike:
。后也可接名詞短語:Doyoufeellikesometea?
。后若接動詞,須用動詞ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon,
tfeellikedrinkingtea.[feellike常用于疑問句或否定句中?!?/p>
十.詞序易錯的短語:
1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞在后面。Isthereanything
deliciousinthefridge?
Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.
Iwanttogosomewherewarm.
2else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在后面。
Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?
3enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough放在后面。
Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.
Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.
十一.對"評價"、"天氣"的提問之區別:
1Whatdoyouthinkof...?=Howdoyoulike...?”你對...怎么看?
(How...?句中有like,是動詞。)
2Whatstheweatherlikein...?=Howistheweatherin...?”…的天氣
什么樣?"(What…?句中有like,是介詞"像)
十二.take,cost,pay,spend區別:
1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.
Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.
2物+cost+sb+錢:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan,(cost,cost,cost)
若cost后無sb,則譯作"價錢是":Thebagcosts30Yuan.
3人+pay+sb+錢+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,
paid,paid).(pay后所加內容可視具體情況取舍。)
4人+spend+時間/錢+onsth/(in)doingsth.
Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.
Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.
spend有時可指"度過":spendholiday/weekends/winter
十三.雙賓結構:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/
show/buy/
ask/tell/build等可加雙賓結構。即后接sb+sth.
其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.
buy,build等可接sth+forsb.
若sth是代詞時,不用雙賓結構。Pleasepassittome.
十四.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞)
KeepcareIwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(連詞)
KeepcareIwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介詞)
類似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。
如:I'IIwaituntilIhearfromher.(連詞)
FIIwaituntilnextFriday.(介詞)
十五.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之一:
1.動詞ed作形容詞:表示被動或已發生,常作定語。
TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.
He'seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸雞。
Thereisnotimeleft.
IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。
Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.
2.動詞ing作形容詞:表示正進行或功能,常作定語。
arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad(正進行)
asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)
16.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之二:
和心理感受有關,但ed修飾人,ing常修飾物。
Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.
Howexcitingthefilmis!/1wanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.
17.動詞ing和帶to不定式作主語:
Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.
Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.
Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(謂語用單數)
Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(謂語用單數)
Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult,(i胃語用復數)
18.later/after/ago/before:
1later"…時間后”結構:時間段+later常用于一般過去時。
TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.
(later單獨在句尾,常用于將來時:I'IIseeyoulater.)
2after"…時間后”結構:after+時間段,常用于一般過去時,和1相同。
TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.
(after也可加句子:I'IIsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.
HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetfor
thirtyminutes.)
3ago"…時間前”結構:時間段+ago,用于一般過去時。TheGreensmoved
toShanghaifourweeksago.
(since+時間段+ag。,主句用現在完成時)
4before單獨放在句尾,常用現在完成時:"以前"
IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.
(若是時間段+before,則常用過去完成時,譯為“…時間前”:
Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.
Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)
19.四季:spring春;summer夏;autumn秋;winter冬;season季
20.月January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;May,五
月;June,六月;July,七月;August,八月;September,九月;October;十
月;November,H-一月;December;十二月。
21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一;Tuesday,星期二;Wednesday,
星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;Saturday,星期六。Sunday為
第一天,Saturday為最后一天。
22."也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。
also,通常挨著動詞,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗號。aswell,只
用于句尾。注意:都不用于否定句。
23.帶t。不定式用法之一:
Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach.
Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.
24.(a)little/(a)few:
1few,little"幾乎沒有;少"否定詞。few加可數名詞復數,little加不可數
名詞。
2afew"一些",加可數名詞復數;alittle"一些;一點"也是肯定詞,加不
可數名詞。
3另外在too,very,so等詞后用few,little;在only,just,still等詞后用afew,
alittle.而quiteafew/alittle譯為"很多”
25.及物動詞+副詞:
puton/off/;turnon/off/up/down;useup;letdown;cleanup/out;
setup;handin;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;writedown;
wakeup(叫酉星);takeoff;eatup;
賓語是名詞時,可放在中間或后邊,是代詞時只放在中間。
26.as......as用法:
1和…一樣…
Hisroomisasbigasmine.
HerunsasfastasI/me.
2as...aspossible/sbcan”盡可能
Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。
Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.
3有些短語有幾個意思:assoonas和…一樣快;一…就…;asmuchas和…
一樣多;多達;aslongas和…一樣長;長達;只要;aswellas和…一樣好;
和…一樣;asfaras遠達;就…來說;
27.prefer用法:
prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜歡…
prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿…也不愿…
prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜歡做某事
28.some-,any-,every-用法:
1$。1716-"某~,一些~",用于肯定的陳述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.
Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或
表示請求或建議.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehim
somethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendme
somechairs?
2any-,在疑問句中仍譯為"某~,一些Doyouhaveanythingtosay?
Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中譯為"任何Youmayput
theboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthe
class.Wedon'thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.
3every-"每~,強調所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,
TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthe
waterwenteverywhere.
29.動詞時態和形式:八個時態:
一般現在時、
現在進行時(am/is/are+v.ing)、
一般將來時(will/shall/begoingto+動詞原形)、
一般過去時、
過去進行時(was/were+v.ing)、
現在完成時(have/has+v.過去分詞)、
過去完成時(had+v.過去分詞)、
過去將來時(would+v.原形)
3O.if/whether區別:if如果(引導條件狀從)/是否(引導賓從)
whether無論(引導讓步狀從)/是否(引導賓從)
都譯為"是否"時,whether可接orn可,也可接帶to不定式。
if則不可。
1)在引導主語從句時,一般用whether,而不用if。
WhethertheGermanenginewasthefirsttoflyisnotclear.
2)在引導賓語從句時,一般情況下whether和if可以通用。
Thepolicemanaskedif/whetherIhadseentheaccident.
3)只用whether的情況
HeaskedwhetherIwantedtogobyairorbysea.(從句中含有or,強調
選擇,這里只宜用whether)
4Whether可用在介詞之后,引導賓語從句而If則不能。如:Successdepends
onwhetherwemakeevougheffort
31.因為:
because,常是對why的回答,語氣最強。
since,位置:Since...,....Sinceit'salreadylate,Imustgonow.
for,位置:…,for.…語氣最弱。Idrovecarefully,foritfssnowing.
as有時也指"因為",用法基本無限制。
32.表推測:must,may,might,can,could,can't
must"一定",可能性最大,常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmust
beTom.
may/might"也許"一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。
Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.
can/could"可能"could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。
Youcouldberight,butIdon,tthinkyouare.
Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan1tbetherenow.
33.so與such區別:
so是副詞,后跟形容詞/副詞,sotall/slowly...
such是形容詞,后跟名詞短語。suchbadweather/goodnews...;sucha
beautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;suchkindboys/
newdesks/friendlypeople;
若名詞前形容詞是many,much,few,little時,不用such,而用so.
somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...
也常有Hso/such...that..//句型,譯為"如此…以致于…”。
34.SO的另兩個用法:
1so+be/情態動詞/助動詞+主語,"…也"
上下文所指不是同一個人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.
Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.A:Iwokeuplatethis
morning.B:SodidI.
2so+主語+be/情態動詞/助動詞,"的確…是"上下文所指是同一個人或
物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.
A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.
35.neither/nor用法之一:
neither/nor+be/情態動詞/助動詞+主語
”…也不"上文是否定句。Shedidn,tgetwell,nordidherbrother.
或對話形式:A:Jimhasnzthadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.
36.keep,make,get,have用法:
1keep+sb/sthdoingsth”讓...一直做..."I'msorryforkeepingyou
waitingsolong,keep+doingsth”堅持做某事”
2make+sb/sthdosth讓…做某事FIItrytomakeyouunderstandwhat
Imean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.
3get+sb/sthtodosth.讓…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.
4have+賓語+動詞原形/ing/過去分詞
Havehimdoit,please.讓他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我們讓
那臺機器一直工作著。
Wehadthemachinerepaired.我們讓人修理了那臺機器(讓那臺機器被修理
了1
5也都可接形容詞:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,
makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.
37.used短語:
usedto+動原,"過去常常"Heusedtosmoke.
beusedto譯為"被用來…",后接動原。Itisusedtocutthings.
beusedto譯為"習慣于…",后接動詞ing或名詞/代詞.
如:He'susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.
beusedfor+目的(名詞或動詞ing)如:
Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.
38.through/past/across/over:都可作介詞。
Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.
Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywordsandclimbedoverthewall.
Heswamacrosstheriver,【through,空間;past,旁邊;across,表面;over上
方?!?/p>
位移動詞+past相當于動詞pass;位移動詞+across相當于cross.
39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者”…的數量";后者"許多的"都跟可
數名詞復數。前者作主語,謂語用單數;后者作主語,謂語用復數。
Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用單數is.
Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用復數have.
40.延續性動詞:Howlong,since,for,(以上見84)until/till等所在肯定句
中的主句謂語要用延續性動詞。
HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?Fvelivedheresince2002.
Let'swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暫性動詞:
Ihaven,tseenyouforalongtime.
41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:
1Allboys/AIIoftheboysarefromChina.all接可數復數,謂語也用復
數。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可數,謂語用單數。
2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名詞單數或
接of+限定詞+復數,后謂語都用單數。
3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面謂語用復數。
4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore,none+of+限定詞
+復數,謂語用單、復數都可。另見88
5Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./Either
ofthedaysisOK.謂語用單數。
6Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolook
aftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherof
thedaysisOK.謂語用單數。
all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的"都"/"每一個"/"沒有一個二
both/either/neither兩者中"都"/"任何一個"/"沒有一個"
42.計量表達法:數量+單位+形容詞。
Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.
Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.
若計量表達的后面跟有名詞,則要用連字符,單位不用復數。
Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.
It'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.
It'satwo-monthholiday.(此處計量中的形容詞long可省略。)
43.MustI/May1/NeedI...?用法:
1MustI…?我必須…嗎?A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./
No,youneedn,t.
2MayI…?我可以…嗎?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,you
can./No,youmustn,t/can,t.
3NeedI...?我有必要…嗎?A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,you
must./No,youneedn't.
44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具體數字,不力口s及of.模糊
兩有,有s必有of。
如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople,ninehundredpeople,
tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不力口s和ofseveralmillion
pounds
45.反意疑問句(QT)部分用法:
1something,nothing,anything,everything作主語,QT主語用it.
Somethingiswrong,isn'tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?
2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,canztshe?
Idon,tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要結合think后
的從句而定。
3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let's...用shallwe?
Getupnow,willyou?Don,tbenoisy,willyou?
Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon'ttalk,willyou?
Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let'sdoitnow,shallwe?
4Therebe句型,QT主語用there.
Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn'tthere?
ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn,tthere?
Therewon'tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?
46.puton,wear,dress,in:
1puton,"穿上"后接物。表行為,是短暫動詞。Youshouldputonyour
coatwhenyouleave.
2wear,"穿,穿著"后接物,表狀態,是延續性動詞。Healwayswearsthe
yellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.
3dress,"給...穿衣’后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.
Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.
bedressedin后常接具有某種特征的衣物。
Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表顏色的詞。
4in,"穿著"后接具有某種特征的衣物,表狀態,是介詞,不可作謂語,可
作狀語。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.
Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?rveseentheboyinyellow.
47.虛擬語氣部分用法:在非真實條件句中要用虛擬語氣,即if從句中用一般過
去時,而主句動詞用would/should+動詞原形,表示與現在相反的主觀設想,
也可以表示在說話人看來實現的可能性很小的情況。(注意:虛擬語氣中的be
動詞都要用were.)
Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(與現在事實相反)
IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很?。?/p>
48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:
other形容詞
others名詞
another另一個(點菜、買衣服等)
one...theother
some...others
Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.
Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.
Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)
isgoodatscience.
Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.
Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsare
girls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.
LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.
Haveyouanyotherquestions?
Alicedidn,tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers,
other的另一用法:用比較級的形式,體現最高級的含義。
Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass,(boy用單數)=
Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass,(boy用復數)
他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的1
49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:
1howlong是對長度或時間段提問。Howlongistheriver?-Ifs5,000
kilometerslong.
Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.
2howoften是對頻率提問,如:never;sometimes,often,usually,always,
onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。
HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.
【若只有次數,則用howmanytimes提問:
HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]
3howsoon是對"in+時間段"提問:將來時
HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.
4howfar是對時間段‘s+walk/ride/drive或計量表達提問。
-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?
-Fiveminutes,walk./Anhour*sride./Thirteenminutes,drive.
或者說:It'sabout20kilometers(far)away.(問和回答不同。)
50.分數表達:
二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:
halfanhour=ahalfhour半小時It'shalfpastseven.(省略冠詞)
以下情況中,分子(基數詞)若超過一,分母(序數詞)需加s:
三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds
四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter
四分之三threefourths或threequarters.
五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它類推。
若分數所在of短語作主語,謂語依of后的名詞而定:
Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名詞復數時,謂用復)
Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可數時,謂用單)
51.到達:
1getto+地點gettoShanghai/London/China
接地點副詞時,不帶to.getthere/home/here.
2arrivein+大地點(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地點
(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物動詞。所以也可單獨用:Pleaseringme
upwhenyouarrive.
3reach只作及物動詞,后直接加地點:reachBeijing/England
但常不說reachhome/there/here.
52.感嘆句:What+名詞短語+主語+謂語!
Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!
Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!
How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!
Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!
Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!
53.because/instead/out等與力口of的區別:
1because后接句子,becauseof接名詞或代詞。
Hedidn1tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.
2instead是副詞,單獨在句尾。insteadof還要接名詞或代詞。
Wedidn,thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.
3out副詞,可單獨用,但若接地點,先加of.(也可作介詞,"向…外",可不
加of.一般不要求掌握。)
Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.
54.toomuch,toomany與muchtoo:
去掉前面的詞
muchtoo"過于",加形容詞或副詞原級。muchtoobig/slowly等。
toomuch"太多的",加不可數名詞。toomuchwork/rain等。
toomany"太多的",加可數復數。toomanybooks/people等。
55.alone/lonely:
1alone,"獨自一人;單獨"不含感情色彩。
可當形容詞,但只在系動詞后作表語:Jackisalone.杰克是單身。
Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老婦一個人在屋里。
可當副詞,修飾動詞:Shelivesalone.她獨居。
Canyoumovethestonealone?你能獨自搬動那塊兒石頭嗎?
Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克獨自在海灘漫步。
(注意:不可說veryalone.但可說verymuchalone.是特例)
2lonely,"孤獨的;寂寞的"帶有傷感色彩。只當形容詞。
可在系動詞后作表語:Theoldmanislonely.這位老人是孤獨的。
Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多親戚,但感到孤獨。
(lonely和心理感受有關,而alone和心理感受無關。)
也可在名詞前作定語:alonelyperson一位孤獨的人
alonelyvillage一個偏僻的村莊(alone不可作定語)
56.belongto與be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(A)
Thissuitismine/Lucy's/mybrother*s/hers.(某物是某人的)
57.by常見用法:
1"通過"IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitby
lookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.
2"截止到"Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?
Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.
3"被"ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.
4"經過"Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.
5"在..旁邊"Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.
58.部分用in的短語:inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,
inpen/ink(見105),intheday(見92),indifferentsizes,indifferent
shapes,inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(見
46),instyle,intheopenair(露天場所)
59.比較級與最高級部分要點:
1不規則形式或易錯形式:
much/many—more—mostbad/badly/ill^worse^worst
far^farther/furtherarthest/furthestlittle-*less-^least
few—fewer—fewestold-*older/elder^oldest/eldest
以ly結尾的形容詞常把-ly換成-lier/-liest.
2常見比較級/最高級句型:Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)
Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(參照48)
Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某個范圍內)
Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(兩者,此句型中加the)
Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)
Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(兩者選擇)
Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者選擇)
It'sthesecondlongestriverinChina.(序數詞后用最高級。)
3"越來越…"比較級+and+比較級
Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.
類似:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/
strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse...
另一種情況:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefullyI...
4"越…,越…""the+比較級”分別置于兩句的開頭"到裝。
ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.
Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.
Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.
5”越來越多的...”moreandmore+名詞
Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.
Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water....
6"…得多"much+形容詞/副詞比較級
Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.
類似:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better...
以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious...
7"另外的…(個)..."結構:數量+more+名詞
onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,
muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,
alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.
這種結構有時也可用another+數字+名詞替代:
fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(記住詞的位置)
6O.talk,tell,say,speak:
1talk只作不及物動詞。(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)
Don,ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?
Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?
2tell只作及物動詞,"告訴;講"。常接雙賓結構。Tellsb(not)todosth
Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?
3say必須接有內容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.
"Idisagreewithyou/'Tomsaid.Whatwillyousay?
say若接sb,則需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.
"Ioversleptthismorning/'Hesaidtome.
4speak"說話"不及物動詞。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.
接人時先加介詞to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?
可表說話的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.
Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan,tspeak.
”演講,發言"Whowillspeakinthemeeting?
61osometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:
time可數是次數不可數是時間
sometimes:"有時”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.
sometimes:"幾次"IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.
sometime:"某一時刻"Iboughtitsometimelastspring.
We'IImeetagainsometimenextweek.
sometime:"一段時間"Wehavetostayhereforsometime.
62.need的用法:
1need可當情態動詞【當情態動詞時,need無時態變化?!浚ê蚦an等用法類
似,但need只用于疑問句或否定句中):NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑問
句的開頭)Ineedn,ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后力口not)
MustIstudynow?No,Youneedn,t.
2need可當行為動詞(和want等用法類似):
Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名詞)
Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接帶to不定式)
Doyouneedtohavearest?(一般疑問句中do,does,did在句首)
Wedon'tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)
【注:need后接表被動的內容時,可表達為:
TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.]
63.dowith與dealwith:都譯為"處理,對付,安排,應付"
Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提問。
Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提問。
下面兩句由此而來:Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?
Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?
64.就近原則:常見的有:EitheryouorLucyiswrong.
Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard,(therebe句型)
Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.
NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.
65.主謂一致:One/Neitherofyouisright.(單數謂語)
Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主語是Tom,單數謂語)
Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.(主語是pair,單數謂語)
Theshoeslookbeautiful.(主語無pair,復數謂語)
Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.(單數謂語)
Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic,
(the加形容詞表一類人,謂語用復數)
Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫婦(復數謂語)
Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教師兼作家,一個人,單數謂語。
BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.(復數謂語)
thenumberof與anumberof參見39.(分數表達見50)
66.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出現不定冠詞時,常放在后面。
It'squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.
It'ssuchanimportantlesson.(另見33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.
67.部分用what提問的句型:
Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?
What'sthepopulationofChina?Whatdayisittoday?
What'sthedatetoday?What'
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