美國統一各州埃博拉防控措施

WASHINGTON—ThefederalgovernmentonMondayannouncedanewsetofmonitoringguidelinesforpeoplearrivingfromWestAfricathatstoppedshortofthetoughmeasuresinstitutedinNewYorkandNewJerseylastweek,anefforttobringuniformitytoamessypatchworkofresponsesbystates.華盛頓——周一，聯邦政府針對來自西非的人員，公布了一套新的監控指導方針。此舉旨在讓各州的響應措施趨于統一，擺脫目前混亂無序的局面。但這些方針的嚴厲程度，不及紐約州和新澤西州上個星期出臺的措施。Thenewpolicy,whichfederalhealthofficialssaidwasanefforttostrikeabalancebetweensafetyandcivilliberties,wouldrequirereturningheathcareworkers,orpeoplewhohadbeennearEbolapatients,tosubmittoanin-personcheckupandaphonecallfromalocalpublichealthauthority.聯邦衛生官員稱，新的政策是為了在安全和公民自由之間取得平衡。該政策將要求從西非回國的醫護工作者或曾經接觸埃博拉患者的人，接受當地公共衛生官員的親自檢查和電話調查。Thatislooserthanthestay-homequarantinepoliciesinNewYorkandNewJersey,andmanybelievedthatthelong-awaitedfederalresponsewouldbeunlikelytosatisfythegovernorsofthosestates,whobelievethegovernmentneedstobemoreproactiveinpreventingpotentialEbolapatientsfromspreadingthevirus.這種做法比紐約州和新澤西州采取的居家隔離政策更加寬松，許多人認為，這個期待已久的聯邦響應措施，不太可能令這些州的州長滿意。后者認為，政府需要更積極地防止潛在的埃博拉患者傳播該病毒。Dr.ThomasFrieden,thedirectoroftheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,whoannouncedthenewmeasures,said:Webelievedthesearebasedonscience.Theseaddastronglevelofprotection.宣布上述新措施的是美國疾病控制與預防中心（CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention，簡稱CDC）主任托馬斯·弗里登博士(ThomasFrieden)。他說：“我們相信這些措施是有科學依據的。它們能夠形成一種強有力的保護。”ButtheC.D.C.doesnothaveregulatoryauthority,anditwillbeuptostatestoenforcethepolicy,andanumberofstateshavealreadyindicatedthattheybelievestrongermeasuresshouldbetaken,includingIllinoisandFlorida.但CDC沒有監管權限，這些政策的執行取決于各州政府。有幾個州已經表示，認為應該采取更有力的措施，其中包括伊利諾伊州和佛羅里達州。Approximately100peopleadayarrivetotheUnitedStatesfromSierraLeone,GuineaandLiberia,mostofthemAmericancitizensorpermanentresidents.About70percentofthepeoplearrivetosixstates–NewYork,Maryland,Pennsylvania,Georgia,NewJerseyandVirginia.Dr.Friedenarguedthathisagencywasindiscussionswithstates,butdidnotspecifywhichones.每天有大約100人從塞拉利昂、幾內亞和利比里亞飛抵美國，他們多數是美國公民，或擁有永久居留權。約70%的人會抵達以下六個州：紐約州、馬里蘭州、賓夕法尼亞州、喬治亞州、新澤西州和弗吉尼亞州。弗里登稱，CDC正在與各州政府進行相關討論，但沒有具體說明是哪些州。WefoundthathealthdepartmentsgenerallydofollowC.D.C.guidelines,hesaid.Iftheywishthemtobemorestringent,thatiswithintheirauthority.“我們發現衛生部門基本上沒有遵守CDC的指導方針，”他說。“如果它們希望采取更加嚴格的措施，它們有權力這樣做。”Gov.TerryMcAuliffeofVirginiasaidMondaythathisstatewouldbegintomonitortravelersarrivingfromGuinea,Liberia,andSierraLeoneforhavingsymptomsconsistentwiththeEbolavirus,andmightprohibitreturninghealthworkersfromtakingpublictransitorattendinglargegatheringsforthreeweeksaftertheirarrival.弗吉尼亞州長特里·麥考利夫(TerryMcAuliffe)周一表示，將開始對那些從幾內亞、利比里亞和塞拉利昂抵達美國，并呈現埃博拉病毒癥狀的人員進行監控，而且還可能禁止回國的衛生工作者在抵達后的三周內乘坐公共交通工具或參加大規模聚會。HealthworkerswhocaredforEbolapatientsinWestAfricawillalsoberequiredtosignagreementsthatrestricttheiractivities,thestatesaid.Thosehealthworkerswhohadknownbreachesofprotectiveprotocolwillberequiredtostayathomefor21days—withthepossibilityofmandatoryquarantine,Mr.McAuliffesaidinastatement.該州表示，在西非護理過埃博拉患者的醫護人員，也將被要求簽署限制其活動的協議。麥考利夫在一份聲明中稱，那些“已知曾違反防護規程”的醫護人員，將被要求在家里待21天，并可能被強制隔離。HealthcareworkerswhotreatedEbolapatientsinWestAfricawillbeevaluatedonacase-by-casebasisandmayberestrictedfrompublictransportation,massgatherings,andclinicalcare,thestatementsaid.AlltravelersarrivinginVirginiafromthethreeWestAfricannationswillbeaskedtotakeandrecordtheirtemperatureatleasttwiceeachday,withlocalhealthofficialscontactingthemdailyforthreeweekstocheckontheircondition.該聲明稱，在西非治療過埃博拉患者的醫務工作者將“逐個接受評估，并可能被限制乘坐公共交通工具、參加大型聚會、參與臨床護理”。從前述三個西非國家抵達弗吉尼亞州的人員，將被要求每天至少測量并記錄兩次體溫，并且當地的衛生官員將在三周的時間里每天與其聯系，檢查他們的情況。Evenifatravelerhastestednegativeforthevirus,butdevelopssymptomsthatsuggestEbolahasbeencontracted,Mr.McAuliffesaidthetravelermightbeaskedtoremainathomefor21daysundertheclosesupervisionofstatehealthofficials.麥考利夫稱，如果有旅客出現的癥狀顯示感染了埃博拉病毒，即使該人的病毒檢測呈陰性，也可能會被要求在家里待21天，接受州衛生官員的密切監督。Inannouncingthenewpolicyforreturninghealthcareworkers,federalofficialsareseekingtostrikeadelicatebalancebetweengettingthemedicaldetailsrightandmakingsurethepubliciscomfortablewiththeapproachthegovernmentistaking.Thisisimportantbecause,shouldthevirusbegintospread,healthworkerswillneedthepublictotrustthemenoughtorevealinformation.聯邦官員公布針對歸國醫務人員的新政策，意在取得一個微妙的平衡：一方面需要搞清楚醫療細節，另一方面又需要讓公眾能接受政府采取的措施。這一點頗為重要，因為一旦埃博拉病毒開始傳播，衛生工作者需要贏得公眾足夠的信任，公眾才會透露信息。Ifsomethingisgoingtoscaresomeone,anEbolaguyonthesubwayisaprettygoodway,saidHowardMarkel,aprofessorofthehistoryofmedicineattheUniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor.Youhavetobeconcernedwiththepublicramificationofyouractions.“如果說有什么東西會嚇到人，地鐵上出現埃博拉患者可是個很好的辦法，”密歇根大學安娜堡分校(UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor)醫學史教授霍華德·馬克爾(HowardMarkel)說。“你必須關心自己的行動對公眾造成的后果。”Thedifferencesbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthegovernorshavealreadyeruptedintoapoliticaltestofwillsjustdaysbeforethemidtermelections.AdministrationofficialsovertheweekendharshlycriticizedthequarantineplansinNewYorkandNewJersey,sayingtheywenttoofarandcouldhavetheunintendedconsequenceofdiscouraginghealthcareworkersfromgoingtoWestAfrica.