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AuditingandAssuranceServicesSeventeenthEditionChapter25OtherAssuranceServicesCopyright?2020,2017,2014PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReservedLearningObjectives(1of2)25.1 Understandthelevelofassuranceandevidencerequirementsforreview,compilation,andpreparationservices25.2

Describespecialengagementstoreviewinterimfinancialinformationforpubliccompanies25.3 DistinguishAICPAattestationstandardsfromauditingstandardsandknowthetypesofengagementstowhichtheyapplyLearningObjectives(2of2)25.4

Describeengagementstoreportoninternalcontrolsatserviceorganizations(SOCreports)25.5

Understandspecialengagementstoattesttoprospectivefinancialstatements25.6 Defineagreed-uponproceduresengagements25.7

DescribeotherauditandlimitedassuranceengagementsrelatedtohistoricalfinancialstatementsLearningObjective25.1Understandthelevelofassuranceandevidencerequirementsforreview,compilation,andpreparationservicesFigure25.1RelationshipBetweenEvidenceAccumulationandAssuranceAttainedReview,Compilation,andPreparationServices(1of4)StandardsforAccountingandReviewServices(SSARS)are:

Thestandardsforpreparation,compilation,andreviewengagementsoffinancialstatementsIssuedbytheAccountingandReviewServicesCommitteeoftheAIC

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AReview,Compilation,andPreparationServices(2of4)Areviewservice(SSARSreview)engagementallowstheaccountanttoexpresslimitedassurancethatthefinancialstatementsareinaccordancewithapplicableaccountingstandardsTheevidenceforareviewengagementconsistsprimarilyof:InquiriesofmanagementAnalyticalproceduresReview,Compilation,andPreparationServices(3of4)AcompilationserviceengagementisdefinedinSSARSasoneinwhichaccountants:ApplyaccountingandfinancialreportingexpertisetoassistmanagementinthepreparationoffinancialstatementIssueareporttoaclientorthirdpartywithoutprovidinganyCPAassuranceaboutthosestatementsReview,Compilation,andPreparationServices(4of4)Inapreparationserviceengagement,theC

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AisengagedbytheclienttoprepareorassistinpreparingfinancialstatementsTheCPAdoesnot:ProvideanyassuranceonthefinancialstatementsIssueareportNeedtodeterminewhetherheorsheisindependentFigure25.2(1of2)ExampleofReviewReportIndependentAccountant’sReviewReportWehavereviewedtheaccompanyingfinancialstatementsofArcherTechnologies.Inc.,whichcomprisethebalancesheetasofDecember31,2019,andtherelatedstatementsofincome,changesinstockholders’equity.cashflowsfortheyear

thenended,andtherelatednotestothefinancialstatements.Areviewincludesprimarilyapplyinganalyticalprocedurestomanagement’sfinancialdataandmakinginquiriesofcompanymanagement.Areviewissubstantiallylessinscopethananaudit,theobjectiveofwhichistheexpressionofanopinionregardingthefinancialstatementsasawhole.Accordingly,wedonotexpresssuchanopinion.Management’sResponsibilityfortheFinancialStatementsManagementisresponsibleforthepreparationandfairpresentationofthesefinancialstatementsinaccordancewithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica;thisincludesthedesign,implementation,andmaintenanceofinternalcontrolrelevanttothepreparationandfairpresentationofthefinancialstatementsthatarefreefrommaterialmisstatement,whetherduetofraudorerror.Figure25.2(2of2)ExampleofReviewReport(continued)Accountant’sResponsibilityOurresponsibilityistoconductthereviewengagementinaccordancewithStatementsonStandardsforAccountingandReviewServicespromulgatedbytheAccountingandReviewServicesCommitteeoftheAICPA.ThosestandardsrequireustoperformprocedurestoobtainlimitedassuranceasabasisforreportingwhetherweareawareofanymaterialmodificationsthatshouldbemadetothefinancialstatementsforthemtobeinaccordancewithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Webelievethattheresultsofourproceduresprovideareasonablebasisforourconclusion.Accountant’sConclusionBasedonourreview,wearenotawareofanymaterialmodificationsthatshouldbemadetotheaccompanyingfinancialstatementsinorderforthemtobeinaccordancewithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Figure25.3CompilationReportwithFullDisclosureManagementisresponsiblefortheaccompanyingfinancialstatementsofWilliamsCompany,whichcomprisethebalancesheetasofDecember31,2019,andtherelatedstatementsofincome,changesinstockholders’equityandcashflowsfortheyearthenended,andtherelatednotestothefinancialstatementsinaccordancewithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.WehaveperformedthecompilationengagementinaccordancewithStatementsonStandardsforAccountingandReviewServicespromulgatedbytheAccountingandReviewServicesCommitteeoftheAICPA.Wedidnotauditorreviewthefinancialstatements,norwerewerequiredtoperformanyprocedurestoverifytheaccuracyorcompletenessoftheinformationprovidedbymanagement.Accordingly,wedonotexpressanopinion,aconclusion,norprovideanyformofassuranceonthesefinancialstatements.Figure25.4CompilationThatOmitsSubstantiallyAllDisclosures(ThefirstparagraphisthesameasthecampilationreportinFigure25-3.)ManagementhaselectedtoomitsubstantiallyallthedisclosuresordinarilyincludedinfinancialstatementspreparedinaccordancewithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Iftheomitteddisclosureswereincludedinthefinancialstatements,theymightinfluencetheuser’sconclusionsaboutthecompany’sfinancialposition,resultsofoperations,andcashflows.Accordingly,thefinancialstatementsarenotdesignedforthosewhoarenotinformedaboutsuchmatters.Let’sDiscuss(1of6)Whatismeantbythetermlevelofassurance?Howdoesthelevelofassurancedifferforanauditofhistoricalfinancialstatements,areview,acompilation,andapreparationengagement?Whatisnegativeassurance?Whyisitusedinareviewengagementreport?LearningObjective25.2DescribespecialengagementstoreviewinterimfinancialinformationforpubliccompaniesFigure25.5ExampleofaReportforInterimFinancialStatementsforaPublicCompanyREPORTOFINDEPENDENTREGISTEREDPUBLICACCOUNTINGFIRMResultsofReviewofInterimFinancialStatementsWehavereviewedtheaccompanyingconsolidatedbalancesheetofRainerCompanyandconsolidatedsubsidiariesasofSeptember30,2019,andtherelatedstatementsofearnings,retainedearnings,andcashflowsforthethree-monthandnine-monthperiodsthenended,andtherelatednotes.Basedonourreview,wearenotawareofanymaterialmodificationsthatshouldbemadetotheaccompanyinginterimfinancialstatementsforthemtobeinconformitywithaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.BasisforReviewResultsTheseinterimfinancialstatementsaretheresponsibilityoftheCompany'smanagement.WeconductedourreviewinaccordancewiththestandardsofthePublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard(UnitedStates)("PCAOB").Areviewofinterimfinancialinformationconsistsprincipallyofapplyinganalyticalproceduresandmakinginquiriesofpersonsresponsibleforfinancialandaccountingmatters.ItissubstantiallylessinscopethananauditconductedinaccordancewiththestandardsofthePCAOB,theobjectiveofwhichistheexpressionofanopinionregardingthefinancialstatementstakenasawhole.Accordingly,wedonotexpresssuchanopinion.ReviewofInterimFinancialInformationforPublicCompanies(1of2)TheS

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Crequiresthatquarterlyfinancialstatementsbereviewedbythecompany’sexternalauditorpriortothecompany’sfilingoftheForm10-QApubliccompanyinterimreviewincludesfiverequirementsforreviewserviceengagements.Theauditormust(1of2):(1)obtainknowledgeoftheaccountingprinciplesoftheclient’sindustryReviewofInterimFinancialInformationforPublicCompanies(2of2)Apubliccompanyinterimreviewincludesfiverequirementsforreviewserviceengagements.Theauditormust(2of2):(2)obtainknowledgeoftheclient(3)makeinquiriesofmanagement(4)performanalyticalprocedures(5)obtainaletterofrepresentationLet’sDiscuss(2of6)Distinguishamongengagementstoprepare,compile,andreviewfinancialstatements.Whatisthelevelofassuranceforeach?Whatproceduresshouldtheauditorusetoobtaintheinformationnecessarytogivethelevelofassurancerequiredofreviewsoffinancialstatements?LearningObjective25.3DistinguishA

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AattestationstandardsfromauditingstandardsandknowthetypesofengagementstowhichtheyapplyAttestationEngagements(1of3)Thepurposeofanattestationengagementistoprovideanopinion,conclusion,orfindingstousersofinformationregardingthereliabilityofinformationoranassertionaboutasubjectmatter,measuredagainststatedcriteriaTheAuditingStandardsBoardoftheAICPAissuesStatementsonStandardsforAttestationEngagements(SSAE)AttestationEngagements(2of3)Inallservicesprovidedundertheattestationstandards,practitionersareresponsiblefor:HavingtheappropriatecompetenceandcapabilitiestoperformtheengagementComplyingwithrelevantethicalrequirementsMaintainingprofessionalskepticismAttestationEngagements(3of3)TheAuditingStandardsBoarddecidednottoattempttodefinethepotentialboundariesofattestationengagementsTheattestationstandardsdefinethreelevelsofengagements:ExaminationsReviewsAgreed-uponproceduresFigure25.6TypesofEngagementsandRelatedReportsTypeofEngagementAmountofEvidenceLevelofAssuranceFormofConclusionDistributionExaminationExtensiveHighPositiveGeneralReviewSignificantModerateNegativeGeneralAgreed-uponproceduresVaryingVaryingFindingsLimitedLet’sDiscuss(3of6)ExplainwhyareviewofinterimfinancialstatementsforapubliccompanymayprovideagreaterlevelofassurancethananSSARSreview.ExplainthepurposeofanattestationengagementandprovideanexampleofanassertionaC

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Acouldattestto.YouhavebeenaskedtoprovideassuranceoninformationcontainedinNewDominion’sCorporateSustainabilityReport.Whatstandardswouldyouusetoperformthisengagement?LearningObjective25.4Describeengagementstoreportoninternalcontrolsatserviceorganizations(SOCreports)ReportsonControlsatServiceOrganizations(SOCReports)(1of2)Therearethreetypesofserviceorganizationcontrol(SOC)reports,whicharereferredtoas(1of2):SOC1report:usedtoplanandperformauditsoftheuserentity’sfinancialstatementsbytheirauditors,whoarereferredtoasuserauditorsReportsonControlsatServiceOrganizations(SOCReports)(2of2)Therearethreetypesofserviceorganizationcontrol(SOC)reports,whicharereferredtoas(2of2):SOC2report:intendedtomeettheneedsofabroadrangeofuserswhoneedinformationandassuranceaboutcontrolsataserviceorganizationSOC3report:intendedforwidedistributiontocurrentorpotentialusersoftheserviceorganizationTable25.1FiveTrustServicesCategoriesCategoryDescriptionSecurityInformationandsystemsareprotectedagainstunauthorizedaccess,unauthorizeddisclosureofinformation,anddamagetosystemsthatcouldcompromisetheavailability,integrity,confidentiality,andprivacyofinformationorsystemsandaffecttheentity’sabilitytomeetitsobjectives.AvailabilityInformationandsystemsareavailableforoperationandusedtomeettheentity’sobjectives.ProcessingIntegritySystemprocessingiscomplete,valid,accurate,timely,andauthorizedtomeettheentity’sobjectives.ConfidentialityInformationdesignatedasconfidentialisprotectedtomeettheentity’sobjectives.PrivacyPersonalinformationiscollected,used,retained,disclosed,anddisposedtomeettheentity’sobjectives.LearningObjective25.5UnderstandspecialengagementstoattesttoprospectivefinancialstatementsProspectiveFinancialStatements(1of4)Prospectivefinancialstatementsrefertopredictedorexpectedfinancialstatementsinsomefutureperiod(incomestatement)oratsomefuturedate(balancesheet)AICPAattestationstandardsdefinetwogeneraltypesofprospectivefinancialstatements:ForecastsProjectionsProspectiveFinancialStatements(2of4)Prospectivefinancialstatementsarepreparedforoneoftwoaudiences:GeneralusestatementsarepreparedforusebyanythirdpartyLimitedusestatementsarepreparedsolelyforthirdpartieswithwhomtheresponsiblepartyisdealingdirectlyProspectiveFinancialStatements(3of4)Thefollowingtypesofattestationengagementsmaybeperformedforprospectivefinancialstatements:AnexaminationengagementinwhichtheC

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AobtainssatisfactionastothecompletenessandreasonablenessofalltheassumptionsAnagreed-uponproceduresengagementinwhichtheC

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Aandallusersofthestatementsagreeonspecific,limitedattestationproceduresProspectiveFinancialStatements(4of4)Inanexaminationlevelengagement,theCPA:EvaluatesthepreparationoftheprospectivefinancialstatementsEvaluatesthesupportunderlyingtheassumptionsEvaluatesthepresentationoftheprospectivefinancialstatementsforconformitywithAICPApresentationguidelinesIssuesanexaminationreportLet’sDiscuss(4of6)Anauditclienthasengagedathird-partyserviceorganizationtohostitspayrollsoftwarepackageonserverslocatedattheserviceorganization.Whatoptionsdoyouhavetoobtainassuranceaboutthecontrolsembeddedinthepayrollapplication?Explainwhatismeantbyprospectivefinancialstatementsanddistinguishbetweenforecastsandprojections.Whatfourthingsareinvolvedinanexaminationofprospectivefinancialstatements?LearningObjective25.6Defineagreed-uponproceduresengagementsAgreed-UponProceduresEngagementsWhentheauditorandmanagementorathird-partyuseragreethattheengagementwillbelimitedtocertainspecificprocedures,itisreferredtoasanagreed-uponproceduresengagementAgreed-uponproceduresengagementsappealtoC

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Asbecausemanagement,orathird-partyuser,specifiestheprocedurestheywantdoneandthentheC

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AissuesareportdescribingtheproceduresagreeduponandthefindingsresultingfromtheproceduresLearningObjective25.7DescribeotherauditandlimitedassuranceengagementsrelatedtohistoricalfinancialstatementsOtherAuditsorLimitedAssuranceEngagements(1of3)AuditorsoftenauditstatementspreparedonabasisotherthanGAAPorIFRSincluding:Auditsoffinancialstatementspreparedonanothercomprehensivebasisofaccounting(OCBOA)Auditsofspecifiedelements,accounts,oritemsDebtcompliancelettersOtherAuditsorLimitedAssuranceEngagements(2of3)Othercomprehensivebasisofaccountinginclude:CashormodifiedcashbasisBasisusedtocomplywiththerequirementsofaregulatoryagencyIncometaxbasisFinancialreportingframeworkforsmall-andmedium-sizedbusinessesAdefinitesetofcriterialhavingsubstantialsupportOtherAuditsorLimitedAssuranceEngagements(3of3)Auditorsmustextendtheirauditeffortstoincludeotherelements,accounts,oritemsthatareinterrelatedwiththosethatarebeingauditedClientsoccasionallyenterintoloanagreementsthatrequirethemtoprovidethelenderwithareportfromaC

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AabouttheexistenceornonexistenceofsomeconditionFigure25.7(1of2)ExampleofaReportonIncomeTaxBasisINDEPENDENTAUDITOR’SREPORT(1of2)ReportontheFinancialStatementsWehaveauditedtheaccompanyingfinancialstatementsofTrianglePartnership,whichcomprisethe

statementofassets,liabilities,andcapital-incometaxbasisasofDecember31,2019,andtherelatedstatementsofrevenueandexpenses-incometaxbasisandofchangesinpartners’capitalaccounts-incometaxbasisfortheyearthenended,andtherelatednotestothefinancialstatements.Management’sResponsibilityfortheFinancialStatements(sameparagraphasshowninFigure3-1onpage49,exceptfortheneedtoreferencethattheincometaxbasisaccountinghasbeenused)Auditor’sResponsibility(samethreeparagraphsasshowninFigure3-1)Figure25.7(2of2)ExampleofaReportonIncomeTaxBasis(continued)INDEPENDENTAUDITOR’SREPORT(2of2)OpinionInouropinion,thefinancialstatementsreferredtoabovepresentfairly,inallmaterialrespects,theassets,liabilities,andcapitalofTrianglePartnershipasofDecember31,2019,anditsrevenueandexpensesandchangesinpartners’capitalaccountsfortheyearthenendedinaccordancewiththebasisofaccountingTrianglePartnershipusesforincometaxpurposesdescribedinNoteBasisofAccountingWedrawattentiontoNoteofthefinancialstatements,whichdescribesthebasisofaccounting.ThefinancialstatementsarepreparedonthebasisofaccountingthePartnershipusesforincometaxpurposes,whichisabasisofaccountingotherthanaccountingprinciplesgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Ouropinionisnotmodifiedwithrespecttothismatter.Figure25.8(1of2)ExampleofDebtComplianceReportINDEPENDENTAUDITOR’SREPORTWehaveaudited,inaccordancewithauditingstandardsgenerallyacceptedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,thefinancialstatementsofBollertCompany,whichcomprisethebalancesheetasofDecember31,2019,andtherelatedstatementsofincome,retainedearnings,andcashflowsfortheyearthenended,andtherelatednotestothefinancialstatements,andhaveissuedourreportthereondatedFebruary16,2020.Inconnectionwithouraudit,nothingcametoourattentionthatcausedustobelievethattheCompanyfailedtocomplywiththeterms,covenants,provisions,orconditionsofsectionstoinclusive,of