北美歷史1500之后-課件

HISTORYOFNORTHAMERICA

--after1500AD1500-1700ADMysteriousdiseases：smallpox

天花measles

麻疹NorthAmerica：Alandofghost麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道傳染病。臨床癥狀有發熱、咳嗽、流涕、眼結膜充血、口腔粘膜有紅暈的灰白小點（Koplik’sspots斑）。單純麻疹預后良好，重癥患者病死率較高。天花（Smallpox）是由天花病毒引起的一種烈性傳染病，也是到目前為止，在世界范圍被人類消滅的第一個傳染病。天花是感染痘病毒引起的，無藥可治，患者在痊愈后臉上會留有麻子，“天花”由此得名。天花病毒外觀呈磚形，約200納米×300納米，抵抗力較強，能對抗干燥和低溫，在痂皮、塵土和被服上，可生存數月至一年半之久French,EnglishandSpanishtraderssawthattheAlgonquin(阿爾岡琴族),theIroquois(易洛魁人-北美印第安人)andtheCherokee(徹羅基族人)andtheMississippiansandthePueblo（普韋布洛）peoplewerenotabletofightback（回擊，抵抗）anymore,becausesomanyhaddied.AllacrossthesouthernpartofNorthAmerica,

Spanish

settlersbuiltvillagesandcitieslikeSantaFeandTaosinNewMexicoandLosAngelesandSanFranciscoinCalifornia.TheNavajo（納瓦霍人，美國最大的印第安部落）begantoraisesheep.

EnglishtradersbegantobringovergroupsofEnglishsettlerstoliveintheoldIroquoisvillagesandfarmtheirfields.FrenchsettlerscametoliveontheAlgonquins'andIroquois'land(inmodernQuebecprovince,Canada).ThefewsurvivingIroquoistriedtofightofftheinvaders,buttheycouldn't.In1763ADEnglandwontheFrenchandIndianWaragainstFrance(whichhadbeenfoughtmainlyinNorthAmerica),andsotheEnglish-speakingsettlersontheEastCoastcouldstopworryingthattheywereabouttobetakenoverbyFrance.EnglandwontheFrenchandIndianWaragainstFrance

TheEnglishgovernmentbegantomakethetheEnglish-speakingsettlerspaymoreandmoretaxes.ThisbroughttheEnglishalotofmoney,butitmadethesettlersmoreandmoreangry.Theywereespeciallyangrybecausetheycouldn'tvoteorspeakforthemselvesinEnglandaboutthesetaxes.ThesettlersdecidedtoboycotteverythingtheyhadbeenbuyingfromEnglishtraders-theywouldnotbuytheirtea,clothes,glass,paper,andsoon(ThisiswhenmanyAmericansbegantodrinkcoffee).In1773theythrewalotofteaonanEnglishshipoverboard,intotheocean-thisiscalledthe"BostonTeaParty（波士頓傾茶事件）."被吊死的印花稅法執行者反映北美人民對印花稅法看法的漫畫波士頓傾茶事件的主要領導人——塞繆爾·亞當斯(SamuelAdams)在這塊由波士頓人樹立起的方碑上，一個印第安人正向英王喬治三世下跪，以感謝他撤銷印花稅法theHistoryofMexicoIn1521,SpainconqueredandcolonizedtheterritoryfromitsbaseinMéxico-Tenochtitlan,whichwasadministeredastheViceroyaltyofNewSpain.ThisterritorywouldeventuallybecomeMexicofollowingrecognitionofthecolony'sindependencein1821.theMexicanRevolutionin1910,whichculminatedwiththepromulgationofthe1917Constitutionandtheemergenceofthecountry'scurrentpoliticalsystem.Since2006thecountryhasbeeninthemidstofadrugwarwhichhascaused60,000deaths.Recenthistory:TheEndoftheColdWarandthebeginningoftheeraofsustainedeconomicexpansioncoincidedduringthe1990s.OnJanuary1,1994Canada,MexicoandtheUnitedStatessignedtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,creatingtheworld'slargestfreetradearea.In2000,VicenteFoxbecamethefirstnon-PRIcandidatetowintheMexicanpresidencyinover70years.Theoptimismofthe1990swasshatteredbythe9/11attacksof2001ontheUnitedStates,whichpromptedmilitaryinterventioninAfghanistan,whichCanadaalsoparticipatedin.CanadaandMexicodidnotsupporttheUnitedStates'slatermovetoinvadeIraq.AmericanLiteratureThebeginningofAmericanliteratureLackoforalliteraturefortheWhitesThebeginningofRomanticism

(post-revolutionfiction)ThethrivingofaNationalliterature

Representativewriters:WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)WashingtonIrvingThefatherofAmericanliteraturethefirstAmericanwriterwhowoninternationalfamethefirstAmericanwhomadeshortstoriesaveryeffectiveartisticandnarrativeform.RipVanWinkle

瑞普-凡-溫克爾

華盛頓·歐文

JamesFenimoreCooper

Cooper’ssuccessliesinthefactthathecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodofAmericannation–aprocessofexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward.LeatherstockingTales

皮裹腿故事集1ThePioneers2TheLastoftheMohicans3ThePrairie4ThePathfinder5TheDeerslayer19thcentury

1.TranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生(1803-82):NatureHenryDavidThoreau亨利·戴維·梭羅(1817-62):Walden《瓦爾登湖》Bystudyingandrespondingtonature,individualscouldreachahigherspiritualstatewithoutformalreligion.ImaginationandemotionEdgarAllanPoe埃德加·愛倫·坡(1809-49):

TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍府的倒塌》TheBlackCat《黑貓》2.ImaginationandemotionNathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑(1804-64):

TheScarletLetterImaginationandemotionHermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾

(1819-91):

MobyDick《白鯨記》ReformandLiberationHarrietBeecherStowe比徹·斯托夫人(1811-96)UncleTom’sCabin《湯姆叔叔的小屋》CivilWarRegionalismSamuelClemens/MarkTwain(1835-1910)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty

WilliamFaulknercalledTwain"thefatherofAmericanliterature”RegionalismEmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森

ThePoemsofEmilyDickinsonAnewwave-NaturalismFollowingtheAmericanCivilWarDiscontentedwithgrowingmaterialismConcernedwiththegrimsocialreality

TakingadeterministicviewoflifeNaturalismTheodoreDreiser西奧多·德萊塞SisterCarrier《嘉莉妹妹》AyoungcountrygirlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.the"greatestofallAmericanurbannovels."

NaturalismJackLondon杰克倫敦

CalloftheWildPrimitiveurgesunderliealllife,reducinghumanstothelevelofanimals.RebelliousspiritTheurbanizationintheearly20thcenturySherwoodAnderson舍伍德.安德森SinclairLewis辛克萊·劉易斯(1stAmericanwinningNobelPrize)

Babbitt《巴比特》TheModernistsEzraPound埃茲拉·龐德InaStationoftheMetro《在地鐵站內》imagismTheModernistsT.S.EliotT.S.艾略特(1888-1965):

fragmented,pessimisticimagesofthepost-WWIsocietyTheWasteLand《荒原》ThelostgenerationF.ScottFitzgerald司各特·菲茨杰拉德

TheGreatGatsby《了不起的蓋茨比》ErnestHemingway歐內斯特·米勒爾·海明威

TheSunAlsoRises《太陽照常升起》

AFarewelltoArms《永別了武器》

ForWhomtheBellTolls《喪鐘為誰而鳴》WilliamFaulkner威廉·福克納

TheSoundandtheFury《喧嘩與騷動》pastWorldWar1TheGreatGatsbywaspublishedin1925,itissetonLongIslandandinNewYorkCity.NewDramaEugeneO’Neill尤金·格拉斯通·奧尼爾DesireundertheElms《榆樹下的欲望》LongDay’sJourneyintoNight《長夜漫漫路迢迢》RealismandEscapismTheDepressioninthe1920sand30s.JohnSteinbeck約翰·斯坦貝克TheGrapesofWrath《憤怒的葡萄》amajorstatementoftheDepressionMargaretMitchell瑪格麗特·米切爾GONEWITHTHEWINDpostWWⅡGONEWITHTHEWINDPostwarVoicesandtheBeatGenerationRalphEllison拉爾夫·艾利森

InvisibleMan《隱形人》ArthurMiller阿瑟·米勒

DeathofaSalesman《推銷員之死》ToniMorrison托妮莫里森SongofSolomon《所羅門之歌》AmyTan譚恩美

TheJoyLuckClub《喜福會》FrenchLiteratureSomecriticismofCanadianliteraturehasfocusedonnationalisticandregionalthemes,althoughthisisonlyasmallportionofCanadianLiterarycriticism.CriticsagainstsuchthematiccriticisminCanadianliterature,suchasFrankDavey,havearguedthatafocusonthemediminishestheappreciationofcomplexityoftheliteratureproducedinthecountry,andcreatestheimpressionthatCanadianliteratureissociologically-oriented.WhileCanadianliterature,liketheliteratureofeverynationstate,isinfluencedbyitssocio-politicalcontexts,Canadianwritershaveproducedavarietyofgenres.InfluencesonCanadi