火災報警器中英文文獻翻譯

外文文獻原稿和譯文原稿Multiplesingle-chipmicrocomputerapproachtofiredetectionandmonitoringsystemA.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MScIndexingterm:Hazards,Design,PlantconditionmonitoringAbstract:Acompletesystemforfiredetectionandalarmmonitoringhasbeenproposedforcomplexplants.Thesystemusesmultiplesinglechiparchitectureattachedtoapartyline.Thecontrolalgorithmisbasedonatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking,thusthecomplexityisdistributed.Acompletecircuitdiagramisgivenforthelocalandthecentralstationwithrequirementsforthesoftwarestructure.Thedesigniskeptingeneralformsuchthatitcanbeadaptedtoamultitudeofplantconfigurations.Itisparticularlyshownhownewdevelopmentsintechnology,especiallyCMOSsinglechipdevices,areincorporatedinthesystemdesigntoreducethecomplexityoftheoverallhardware,e.g.bydecomposingthesystemsuchthatlowerlevelsofhierarchyareabletohavesomeautonomyindecisionmaking,andthusamorecomplexdecisionissolvedinasimpledistributedmethod.1DetectionandalarmdevicesAbasicfiredetectionsystemconsistsoftwoparts,detectionandannunciation.Anautomaticdetectiondevice,suchasaheat,smokeorflamedetector,ultravioletorinfrareddetectorsorflameflicker,isbasedondetectingthebyproductofacombustion.Smokedetectors,ofbothionizationandopticaltypes,arethemostcommonlyuseddetectordevices.WhenatypicaldetectorofthistypeentersthealarmstateitscurrentconsumptionincreasesfromthepAtothemArange(say,fromamere15pAinthedormantmodeto60mA)intheactivemode.Inmanydetectorsthedetectoroutputvoltageiswelldefinedundervariousoperatingconditions,suchasthosegiveninTable1.Themoresensitivethedetector,themoresusceptibleitistofalsealarms.Inordertocontrolthedetectorprecisely,eitherofthefollowingmethodsisused:acoincidencetechniquecanbebuiltintothedetector,orafilteringtechniquesuchthatalogiccircuitbecomesactiveonlyifxalarmsaredetectedwithinatimeperiodT.Thedetectiontechniquedependsgreatlyonthelocationandplantbeingprotected;smokedetectorsareusedforsleepingareas,infraredorultravioletradiationareusedwhenflammableliquidsarebeinghandled,heatdetectorsareusedforfiresuppressionorextinguishingsystems.Ingeneral,lifeandpropertyprotectionhavedifferentapproaches.Alarmdevices,apartfromtheusualaudibleorvisiblealarms,mayincorporatesolidstatesoundreproductionandemergencyvoicecommunicationorprintersthatrecordtime,date,locationandotherinformationrequiredbythestandardcodeofpracticeforfireprotectionforcomplexplants.Heaviside[4]hasanexcellentreviewofalltypesofdetectorsandextinguishersystems.1.1ControlphilosophyanddivisionoflabourOurcontrolphilosophyisimplementedhierarchically.Threelevelsofsystemhierarchyareimplemented,withtwolevelsofdecisionmaking.Thereisnocommunicationbetweenequipmentonthesamelevel.Interactionbetweenlevelsoccursbyupwardstransferofinformationregardingthestatusofthesubsystemsanddownwardstransferofcommands.ThisisshowninFig.1whereatlevel1isthecentralstationmicrocomputerandistheultimatedecisionmaker(whennotinmanualmode).Atlevel2arethelocalcontrollers,whichresideinthelocalstations.Atlevel3aretheactualdetectorsandactuators.Amanualmodeofoperationisprovidedatalllevels.Informationregardingthestatusofalldetectorsistransmittedonaperareabasistothelocalcontrollers.Theirinformationiscondensedandtransmittedupwardtothecentralmicrocomputer.Transferofstatusisalwaysunidirectionalandupwards.Transferofcommandsisalwaysunidirectionalanddownwards,withexpansionatthelocalcontrollevel.Thisapproachpreservesthestrictrulesofthehierarchyforexactmonitoringdetectionandalarmsystemsassociatedwithhighriskplants.Theclassificationofthetwolayersofcontrolsisbaseduponlayersofdecisionmaking,withrespecttothefactsthat(a)Whenthedecisiontimecomes,themakingandimplementationofadecisioncannotbepostponed(b)Thedecisionshaveuncertainty(c)Itwillisolatelocaldecisions(e.g.locallywemighthaveanalarmalthoughtheremaybeafaultwiththesystem)2GeneralhardwareI:Fig.2depictsourdesigninthesimplestofforms.Thesystemusesanopenpartylineapproachwithfourconductorcablesgoinginaloopsharedbyalltheremotedevicesandthecontrolpanel.Thisapproachissimpleinconceptandiseconomicallyfeasible.However,onemajordisadvantageisthedependencyonasinglecableforpowerandsignaling.Incaseswherereliabilityisofextremeimportance,twooreventhreecablestakingdifferentroutesthroughoutthesystemmaybeconnectedinparallel.Fig.3givesthedrivercircuitryrequiredtoderiveanexpandablebus.Thisdesigntakesadvantageofrecentadvancesinthesinglechipmicrocomputertechnologytoreducetheinterfacebetweenthecentralstationandthelocalstations.2.1CentralcontroltaskAcentralunitprovidesacentralizedpointtomonitorandcontrolthesystemactivities.Inthesystemtobedescribedthecentralcontrolunitservesafivefoldpurpose.(i)Itreceivesinformationfromthelocalstationsandoperatesthealarmsandotheroutputdevices.(ii)Itnotifiestheoperatorincaseofsystemmalfunction.(iii)Itprovidesanoverallsystemcontrolmanualandautomatic.(iu)Itprovidesasystemtestpointoflocalstationsanditself.(u)Itprovidesacentralpointforobservation,learningandadaptation.2.2LocalstationsThelocalstationscantakelocaldecisionsregardingrecognitionofarisksituation,andactindependentlyonlocalaffairs.Inthistechniquewedependon‘load-typecoordination’,e.g.thelowerlevelunitsrecognizetheexistenceofotherdecisionunitsonthesamelevel;thecentralorthetoplevelprovidesthelowerunitswithamodeloftherelationshipbetweenitsactionandtheresponseofthesystem.Itisevidentthatapowerfulmachineisrequiredatthisstagesothatalltherequiredfunctionscanbeimplemented.Theavailabilityofthenewgenerationofmicrochipsmakesthisarchitectureafeasiblesolution.Asinglechipmicrocomputerwaschosenoverdiscretedigitalandanaloguedevicestointerfacetothefielddevicesandtothecentralmicrocomputer.Thisisthemainreasonthatpreviouslythisapproachwasnotfeasible.Inselectingthemicrocomputerforthelocalstations,thecriterionwastherequirementforachipwhichcontainsthemostintegrationoftheanalogueanddigitalportsrequiredfortheinterfaceandtheutilizationofCMOStechnologyowingtoremotenessofthelocalstations.ThechoicewastheMotorola68HC11A4,forthefollowingreasons:(a)ItisCMOStechnology;thisreducespowerconsumption.(b)IthasaUARTonboard;thisfacilitatesserialcommunication.(e)Ithasana/dconverteronboard;thiseliminatesanexternalA/D.(d)Ithas4KofROM,256bytesofRAM,512bytesofEERROMwith401/0linesanda16bittimer;thissatisfiedallourmemoryand1/0requirementsatthelocalstationside.3SystemimplementationThelocalstation:Fig.3istheblockdiagramofthecircuitusedtoutilizetheMC68HCllA4asaremotefiredetectingcircuitwhileFig.4illustratesthesamecircuitinanexpandedform.Itcanbeseenthatthesinglemicrocontrollercanbeusedtomonitormorethanonedetector,thusreducingsystemcost.Thelooppowersupply,whichisusuallybetween28and26V,isfurtherregulatedbya5V100mAmonolithiclowpowervoltageregulatortosupplypowertothemicrocontroller.Theonboardoscillator,coupledwithanexternalcrystalof2.4576MHz,suppliesthemicrocontrollerwithitstimingsignalwhichisdividedinternallybyfourtoyieldaprocessorfrequencyof614.4kHz,whichisanevenmultipleoftheRS232[7]baudrategenerator.InthisSectiontheterm‘supervisedinputoroutput’willbeusedtomeanthatthefunctioninquestionismonitoredforopen-andshort-circuitconditionsinadditiontoitsothernormalfunctions.MoreinformationcanbefoundinReference9.4Mainloop5ConclusionThispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofalargescalefiredetectionandalarmsystemusingmulti-singlechipmicrocomputers.Thearchitectureusedisatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking.ThisarchitectureismadepossiblebythenewCMOSmicrocontrollerswhichrepresentahighpackingdensityatalowpowerconsumptionyetarepowerfulindataprocessingandthusindecisionmaking.Eachlocalstationcouldmakeanautonomousdecisionifthehigherlevelofhierarchyallowsittodoso.Ithasbeentriedtokeepthesystemdesigningeneralformatsoitcanbeadaptedtovaryingsituations.Aprototypeofthedescribedsystemhasbeenbuiltandtested[10].ThecontrolpartofthecentralstationisimplementedwithadevelopmentcardbasedonMC68000microprocessor(MEX68KECB,byMotorola),whichhasabuilt-inmonitorcalledTutor.Theapplicationprogramsweredevelopedusingthefeaturesprovidedbythismonitor.Thelocalstations’controllersweredesignedusingtheMC68705R3,single-chipmicrocontroller.7References1‘Fireprotectionguidelinesfornuclearpowerplants’,USNRCRegulatoryGuide1.1202BAGCHI,C.N.:‘Amulti-leveldistributedmicroprocessorsystemforanuclearpowerplantfireprotectionsystemcontrols,monitoring,andcommunication’,IEEETrans.,19823PUCILL,P.M.:‘Firehazardprotection,detectionandmonitoringsystems’,Sea.Con,2,ProceedingsofSymposiumonADVinoffshoreandterminalmeasurementandcontrolsystems,Brighton,England,March1979,pp.353-3634HEAVISID,L.:‘Offshorefireandexplosiondetectionandfixedfire’.OffshoreTechnologicalConference,12thAnnualProceedings,Houston,5CELLENTANI,E.N.,andHUMPHREY,W.Y.:‘Coordinateddetection/communicationapproachtofireprotection’,Specify:Eng.,6‘MotorolaMicroprocessorsDataManual’(MotorolaSemiconductorProducts,Austin,7ElectronicIndustriesAssociation:‘Interfacebetweendataterminalequipmentanddatacommunicationequipmentemployingserialbinarydatainterchange’(EIAStandardRS-232,Washington,DC,1969)8MESAROVIC,M.D.,MACKO,D.,TAKAHARA,Y.:‘Theoryofhierarchicalmultilevelsystems’(AcademicPress,1970)9KASSEM,M.:‘Firealarmsystems’,MSc.thesis,Dept.ofElec.&Comp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,198510LIE,P.,andKOTAMARTI,U.:‘Thedesignofafirealarmsystemusingmicroprocessors’,C481Project,Dept.ofElec.andComp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,1986譯文基于單片機的火災探測和監控系統A.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MSc關鍵詞：危險，設計，設備狀態監測摘要：火災探測及報警監控已成為一個復雜而完整的體系。該系統采用多個單芯片架構到一條主線上。該控制算法是基于兩級決策層次，因此分配了復雜性。一個完整的電路原理圖，給出了主、分控制器所需的軟件的結構要求。設計延續一般形式，這樣可以適應于多種系統的配置。尤其顯示出新的技術發展，特別是CMOS單芯片器件，在系統設計中的使用，以減少整體硬件的復雜性，例如，通過分解系統，這樣的層次較低水平的控制器能夠有一些決策自主權，用簡單的分布式的方法解決了復雜的決策。1、檢測和報警裝置一個基本的火災探測系統由兩部分組成，檢測和報警。自動檢測設備有比如熱，煙霧或火焰檢測器，紫外線或紅外線探測器或火焰閃爍，是基于檢測一個燃燒的副產品。煙霧探測器都電離和光類型，是最常用的檢測設備。當這種類型的典型探測器進入報警狀態產生的電流信號會從PA變成MA（比如，從單純的15pA在休眠模式下為60毫安）在主動模式。在許多探測器的檢測器輸出電壓明確在各種運行條件，例如見表1。越是敏感的檢測器，它更容易受到虛假警報。為了控制探測器的精確，可使用下列方法：過濾技術，這樣的邏輯電路成為活躍僅當x警報的時間內檢測周期T。檢測技術在很大程度上取決于地點和植物受到保護，煙霧探測器是睡覺的地方，紅外線和紫外線輻射探測器，檢測易燃液體燃燒，熱探測器用于滅火和滅火系統。一般來說，生命和財產保護有不同的做法。報警裝置，從通常的聲響或視覺報警外，還可以采用固態的聲音再現和緊急話音通信或打印機，記錄時間，日期，地點和其他資料。1.1控制理念和分工我們的理念是實施控制等級。三個層次的系統級的實施，兩個級別的決策。之間沒有設備，在同一層次的溝通。交互各級之間發生了向上的信息傳輸有關的子系統和向下狀態轉移的命令。這是圖所示。1，其中第1級是中央控制站，是微機最終（在不手動模式）決策者。第2級是當地控制器，建立在當地的站。第3級是實際檢測器和驅動器。在各級提供手操作模式。所有探測器的數據和分處理器是當地控制的基礎。他們將信息濃縮，并轉交中央處理器。信息傳遞的地位始終是單向及以上。命令傳輸是單向的總是向下，并在擴大局部控制的水平。這種方法保留了層次的準確監測檢測和嚴格的規則高風險的核電站警報系統。兩個控制層的分類是基于決策層。（一）在屆時的決定，提出和決定的執行情況不能再拖延（二）決定的不確定性（三）將隔離當地的決定（例如，我們可能會在當地報警，但有可能有故障系統）2、硬件圖.2描繪了我們的設計最簡單的形式。這個系統采用四個導體開放的路線，在所有遠程共享一個循環電纜設備和控制面板。這種方法簡單，經濟上可行。但是，一個主要缺點是對一個單一的電力和信號電纜的依賴。在重要環境下，可靠性是極其重要的。固可采用兩個甚至三個電纜采取不同的線路連接，可并行連接。圖.3是驅動電路必須得一個擴展總線。采用這種設計在單片機技術的最新發展優勢減少與中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。2.1中央控制任務中央站點提供了一個集中點，以監測和控制系統的活動。在該系統介紹了中央控制單元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警鐘及其他輸出設備。（二）它提示在系統出現故障時的操作。（三）它提供了一個全面系統的手動和自動控制。（四），它提供了中央和分站的系統測試點。（五）它提供了一個中心點觀察，學習和適應。2.2分控制站分控制站的決定可以控制處理當地的信息。這種技術我們就依靠負載型協調下級單位，承認在同一水平上的其他決定單位的存在;中央或高層提供了一個較低的單位模型之間的行動和系統響應的關系。很明顯，一個強大的機器，需要在這個階段，使所有需要的功能得到有效執行。該芯片的新一代供應使得該體系結構的解決變得可行。單片機被選中了離散的數字和模擬設備接口，到外地設備和中央微機。這是最主要的原因，以前這種做法是不可行的。該芯片的選擇的，包含要求的模擬和數字接口所需的端口和CMOS技術的運用，由于地處偏僻的分控制站最一體化。這個選擇是摩托羅拉68HC11A4，理由如下：（1）它是CMOS技術，這可減少電力消耗。（2）它有一個UART，這有利于串行通信。（3）它有一個A/D轉換器上，這消除了外部A/D轉換（4）它有一個4K的ROM，256K內存，512KEERROM字節40個I/O端口的線路和一個16位定時器;符合分控制站所有的內存和1/0的要求。3、系統實施分控制站：圖.3是用于一個遠程火災報警MC68HCllA4電路框圖檢測電路：圖.4這是前一個電路的擴展形式?？梢钥闯鰡纹瑱C可用于監控多個探測器，從而降低了系統成本?；芈冯娫?，通常在26到28V之間，通常五伏一百毫安單片低功耗電壓調節器供電的微控制器。板載振蕩器，是一個2.4576MHz的外部晶體結合，提供時間信號，它被分為4個內部收益率為614.4千赫，這是一個更多的RS232[7]波特率發生器的處理器頻率微控制器。4、主循環5、結論本文描述了一個大規模的火災探測及報警系統，使用多的發展，單芯片微型計算機。該架構是采用兩個層次的決策層次。這種架構是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在數據處理功能強大的高堆積密度和決策。每個地方控制站可以自主作出的決定如果上級機構，允許它這樣做。一般格式化系統設計，因此它可以適應不同的情況。所描述的系統原型已經建成并測試[10]。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC68000微處理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托羅拉），它有一個內置的顯示器稱為導師。該應用程序都是使