曼昆經濟學定義

(完整word版)曼昆經濟學定義(完整word版)曼昆經濟學定義(完整word版)曼昆經濟學定義Chapter1Scarcity（缺乏）：thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources.Economics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources。Efficiency：thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscareresources。Equality：thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety。Opportunitycost(機會成本）:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.Rationalpeople：peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives.Marginalchanges(邊際變量)：smallincremental(增加的)adjustmentstoaplanofaction.Incentive：somethingthatinducesapersontoact.Marketeconomy(市場經濟):aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.Propertyrights（產權）:theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources。Marketfailure（市場失靈)：asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently。Externality(外部性):theimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell—beingofabystander.Marketpower（市場勢力）:theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orasmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices.如：壟斷monopolyProductivity:thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.Inflation:anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy。Businesscycle：fluctuations(起伏)ineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduction.Chapter2Circular-flowdiagram（循環流動圖)：avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms。Productionpossibilitiesfrontier（生產能力邊界線)：agraphthatshowsthecombinationofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology。產出的組合，經濟可能產生的可用因素的生產和現有的生產技術.Positivestatements(實證表述)：claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.Normativestatements(規范表述）：claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe.Import：goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically.Export：goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad。Chapter3Absoluteadvantage(絕對優勢）:theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer.（比較的是生產量)Comparativeadvantage（比較優勢)：theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer。（比較的是機會成本)Chapter4Market：agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.Competitivemarket(競爭市場)：amarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligible(可以忽略的)impactonthemarketprice。Quantitydemanded(需求量)：theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase.Lawofdemand：theclaimthat，otherthingsequal，thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises。Demandschedule(需求一覽表）：atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded。(表格）Demandcurve：agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.（曲線）Normalgood:agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal，anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand。Inferiorgood：agoodforwhich，otherthingsequal，anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand。Substitutes(代替者):twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother。Compliments(互補品)：twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother。Quantitysupplied(供給量)：theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell.Lawofsupply:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises。(價格上升，供給量就會增加）Supplyschedule：atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.Supplycurve：agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied。Equilibrium:asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded。Equilibriumprice:thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded.Equilibriumquantity:thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice。Surplus:asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded。(供給量大于需求量）Shortage:asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.Lawofsupplyanddemand：theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance.Chapter5Elasticity:ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants（決定因素）.（howmuchconsumersrespondtochangesinthesevariables)Priceelasticityofdemand(需求的價格彈性):ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood，computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice。（quantityrespondstoachangeinprice）Totalrevenue:theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold.Incomeelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome。Cross-priceelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood，computedasthepercentagechangeinthequantitydemandedof