主題分類：社會(huì)和心理-高三英語閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練（含答案）

05社會(huì)和心理

Antibiotics,vaccines,organtransplantandHIV/AIDStreatmentsareallmedicalmilestones

thathaveindisputablymadelifebetterandsavedmillionsoflives.Butalltheseadvancesand

countlessothersweredevelopedusinganimals.Thelatesteyeshadowandothercosmeticsand

industrialchemicalsarealsodevelopedwithanimaltesting.

ThelabanimalissuehasreceivedattentioninChinainrecentyearsasmorepeopleare

concernedaboutanimals,rights.Chinahasnoanimalwelfarelawsprohibitingcrueltytoanimals,

buttherearestandards（1986and2006）forhumanetreatmentoflabanimals,thoughtheseare

difficulttoenforce.

WorldDayforLaboratoryAnimalswasestablishedin1979bytheBritishNational

Anti-VivisectionSociety,memorializingmillionsofanimalsthatcontributedtopursscience,

medicine,industry,fashionandthecosmeticsindustry.It'salsoadayofactiontoprotesttheuse

ofliveanimalsforexperimentsfromlabratsanddogstocattleandprimates（靈長類動(dòng)物）.

Thousandsofactivistsworldwidearecampaigningtoraiseawarenessanddemandanendto

experimentationwithanimals,thoughtherearefeweffectivealternatives.TheBritishUnionfor

theAbolitionofVivisectionestimatesthat100millionvertebrates（脊椎動(dòng)物）arcusedin

experimentseveryyear,10to11millionintheEuropeanUnion.Thisdoesn'tincludemice,rats,

frogsandanimalsnotyetweaned.TherearenoreliablefiguresforChinawherespeciallybred

animalsareusedextensivelyforresearch.Somedateindicatearound16millionvertebrateswere

usedin2006.

ThreeRsprinciple

ThethreeRsareprinciplesforlabanimalwelfareproposedbymicrobiologistRLBurchand

zoologistW.M.S.Russelin1959.Theyare“reduction,refinementandreplacement”and

scientistsareencouragedtofollowthem.

*Rcducethenumberofanimalsbyimprovingexperimentaltechniquesandincreasing

informationsharingamongresearchers.

*Refineexperimentsandtreatmenttoreducesuffering;uselessinvasivetechniques,

improvecareandlivingconditions.

小Replaceexperimentsonliveanimalswithalternativetestingwherepossible.

“ButthethreeRssuggestsgeneralacquiescence（默許）inanimalexperimentation,says

astatementbyAnimalRightsinChine（ARC）,setupin2006byover3000campaignerswho

havebeenurgingtheuseofalternatives.

Thealternativesactivistsadvocateincludeusingcellculturesinsteadofwholeanimals,

usingphototoxicitytestsonchemicalstopredicttheireffectsonhumans,usingcomputermodels,

studyinghumanvolunteersandworkingonisolatedtissues.Theseapproachescanbeusefulbut

theycan'tprovidetheanswersthatanimalresearchcan.

uAnimalexperimentationisabasic,veryimportantmethodinlifesciencestudyand

biomedicalresearchandinsomespecificfields,soitisirreplaceable,vsaysYangFei,deputy

directoroftheAnimalExperimentationDepartmentofFudanUniversity.Yanghasworkedon

regulatingandstandardizinganimaltestingforover15years.

Hesaystestingonprimalesisstillnecessarybecausetheirimmunesystemisverysimilarto

thatofhumans.Theyareneededtodevelopdrugsformalaria,HIV/AIDSandinfectionssuchas

SARS,hesays,thoughadmittingtheapproachisnotperfect.

63.Accordingtothepassage,maynotberelatedtoanimaltesting.

A.CoughmixturesB.Geneticallymodifiedrice

C.DiorLipsticksD.Artificiallivers

64.WorldDayforLaboratoryanimalswassetupforthefollowingreasonsexcept

A.iocallforbelterexperimenialtechniquestoreducesufferings

B.tomemorializetheanimalssacrificedinthelabs

C.toraiseawarenessofanimalright

D.tooffertheactivistsachancetoraisetheirobjectionstotheuseofanimals*

forexperiments

65.WhyW.M.SRusseladvocatedresearcherstosharemoreinformation?

A.Becauseresearcherscanbettercooperatewitheachothertoeliminateanimaltesting.

B.Becauseresearcherscanturntoalternativestoreplaceanimaltesting.

C.Becauseresearcherscanavoidrepeatingsimilartestingonanimals.

D.Becauseresearcherscanmaketheanimaltestingmoreeffective.

66.isthebiggestobstacletocancellinganimaltesting.

A.LackofenoughfundB.Lackofhumanawareness

C.LackofsupportivestatisticsD.Lackofeffectivealternatives

63——66BACD

(C)

Fewfactsaboutmodernlifeseemmoreundeniablethanhowbusyeveryoneseemstobe.

Acrosstheindustrializedworld,largenumbersofsurveyrespondentstellresearchersthey're

overburdenedwithwork,attheexpenseoftimewithfamilyandfriends.

Butthetotaltimepeopleareworking,whetherpaidorotherwise,hasnotincreasedin

EuropeorNorthAmericainrecentdecades.What'smore,thedatealsoshowthatthepeople

v/hosaythey'rethebusiestgenerallyaren'l.

Partoftheanswerissimpleeconomics.Aseconomiesgrow,andtheincomesofthe

better-offhaverisenovertime,timehasliterallybecomemorevaluable:Anygivenhouris

v/orthmore,soweexperiencemorepressuretosqueezeinmorework.

Butit'salsoaresultofthekindofworkinwhichmanyofusareengaged.Inthepast,

fanningworkwassubjecttoweatherlimits,whiteatpresentpeopleliveinan'"unlimitedworld,M

andtherearealwaysmoreincomingemails,moremeetings,morethingstoread,anddigital

mobiletechnologymeansyouhaveafewmoreto-dolistitems.

Withtimepressureweiuhinqusdown、it'shardlysurprisingthatwelivewithoneeye

ontheclock.Butpsychologicalresearchdemonstratesthatthistimc-awarcncssactuallyleadsto

v/orseperformance.Sotheironicconsequenceofthe“busyfeeling^^isthatwecouldhandle

to-dolistlesswellthanifweweren'tsorushed.

Arguableworstofall,thefeelingofrushspreadstoaffectourleisuretime,sothateven

v/henlifefinallydoespermitanhourortwoforrecovery,weendupfeelingthatleisuretime

shouldbespent“productively,"too.

Ifthere5sasolutiontothebusynessepidemic（流行病）,otherthantheuniversal21-hour

v/orkwcck,itmaylieinclearlyrealizingjusthowreasonableourattitudeshavebecome.

Historically,theultimatesymbolofwealth,achievementandsocialsuperioritywasthefreedom

nottowork.Now,it'sbusynessthathasbecometheindicatorofhighstatus.4<Thcbest-offinour

societyareoftenverybusy,andhavetobe,“saysGershunny.4fcYouaskme,amIbusy,andItell

you:“Yes,ofcourseI'mbusybecauseI'manimportantperson

Toooften,wemeasureourworthnotbytheresultsweachieve,butbyhowmuchofour

timewespend.Welivecrazylives,atleastinpart,becauseitmakesusfeelgoodabout

ourselves.

63.Accordingtotheauthor,people'sfeelingaboutbusynessresultsfrom.

A.theincreaseintimevalueB.thesacrificeoffamilytime

C.thelongerworkingtimeD.thechangeofworkingpartners

64.Theunderlinedphrase“weighingusdown”inparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto.

A.makingusoverburdenedB.havingapositiveeffectonus

C.measuringusinallaspectsD.givingustimeforreflection

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Thesolutiontobusynessisapplyinga21-hourworkweek.

B.Ifpeoplehadleisuretime,theywouldrelaxthemselves.

C.Thefeelingofbeingburdenedspellslowproductivity.

D.Freedomisoverrepresentedinthecurrentsociety.

66.Whatdocsthepassagemainlyconcernedwith?

A.Themeasurementofwealthinthecurrentsociety.

B.Theevolutionofpeople'sattitudetowardsbusyness.

C.Thehiddenreasonsandeffectsofpeople'sbusyness.

D.Thesolutiontoprioritizingthecrucialtasksinbusyness.

63?66AACC

(A)

CarDooring

CharityCyclingUKrecentlylaunchedacampaigntoraiseawarenessofdooringafter

discoveringthatmanypeopledon'tknowwhatitis.Dooringiswhenadriverorpassengeropens

thedoorintoanotherroaduser——typicallycyclist-withoutlookingforotherroadusers.

CyclingUKchiefexecutivePaulTuohytoldGloucestershireLive:uSomepeopleseemto

seecardooringasabitofajoke,butit'snotandcanhaveseriousconsequences.CyclingUK

v/antstoseegreatawarenessmadeaboutthedangersofopeningyourcardoorcarelessly,and

peopletobeencouragedtolookbeforetheyopcn.^^

Thecharitysays2,009ofthe3,000injuriesweresustainedbycyclists,resultinginfive

fatalitiesbutsaysthismightnotbethefullextentofthedanger.

CyclingUKsaysnotallcardooringincidentswillbeattendedbypolice,sothecharityhas

vzrittentotransportministerJesseNormancallingforapublicawarenesscampaignurgingallcar

occupants,notjustdrivers,iolookbeforeopeningvehicledoors.Oneofihewaysthecharily

suggestsisthe“Dutchreach"，wherepeopleleavingavehiclereachoverandusethenon-door

sidehandtoopenthedoor.

CyclingUKalsosuggestsharsherlawsandadviceonsaferroadpositioningforpeoplewho

cycle.

Mr.Tuohysaid:"IntheNetherlandstheyareknownfbrpracticingamethod,known

sometimesasthe*Dutchreach\whichwethinkcouldbesuccessfullyencouragedintheUK.”

"CyclingUKhaswrittentotheDepartmentforTransportaskingthemtolookintothis,and

highlightthedangersof'cardooring'throughapublicawarenessTHINKstylecampaign.”

Ifyou'rereallyconcernedaboutopeningadoorintothepathofacyclistcomingbehindyou,

considerusingwhat'sknownasthe“Dutchreach“toopenthedoor.Thatwillnaturallyturnyou

inyourscatandgiveyouamuchbetterviewofwhat'scomingupalongsideinthecar.

56.WhydoestheauthormentionthefiguresinParagraph3?

A.Tocausepublicconcern.

B.Toreporttheterribleaccidents.

C.Toshowthedangerofcardooring.

D.Tostresstheimportanceoftrafficsafety.

57.Whiledoingthe“Dutchreach”,youshould.

A.sitstillinyourscat

B.openthecardoorpolitely

C.usetheinsidehandtoopenthedoor

D.usethelefthandtoopenthecardoor

58.Whatcanbelearnedfromthetext?

A.Manypeopleareignorantofcardooring.

B.The“Dutchreach,,iswellreceivedinEngland.

C.Dooringincidentsareallattendedbypolice.

D.Driversaretoblamefordooringincidents.

59.Whafstheauthor'sattitudetowardscardooring?

A.Negative.B.Ridiculous.

C.Neutral.D.Concerned

【答案】56.C57.C58.A59.D

（A）

Onerecentnight,whileIwasleafingthroughitspagesofanoldjournal,myeyesmetaquote

bytheBritishwriterGrahamGreenethatIhadmarked.UAprejudicehadsomethingincommon

withanideal."Inotherwords,ideals—generaldescriptionsofpeople'sexpectationsof

themselvesandothers-canoftenleadustounreasonableideas.Itgotmethinkingabouthowwe

oftenallowourselvestogeneralizeaboutgroupsofpeople.Weliketostereotypepeoplebythe

coloroftheirskin,theyearoftheirbirthoranyotherrelatedfactors.

Igrewupinamulti-racialcornerofAmerica.Thedifferentgroupswereoftensubjectto

narrowstereotypes:Jewishpeoplewere“greedy,“Mexicanswere“poorlyeducated,andAsians

were“goodatmath."Theselabelsweretaughttousfromayoungage.Theywormedtheirway

intoourbeliefsystems,harminghowwecametoseeothers.Itmademesadgrowinguptosee

peoplerepeatthesestereotypesasiftheyweretrue.Therush-to-judgmentofpeoplebreedsa

cultureofdis"加"〃〃（歧視）.

Youcanalsoseetheseover-generalizeddescriptionbeingmadeagainsttoday'sChinese

people.Whetheritbealackofinterestorworryamongmillennial^千禧一7［弋）beingdescribedas

“monkish,"or（復(fù)古作風(fēng)）“whichhasgiventhe"greasymiddle-agedmenMtag,

stereotypesalwaysseemtogainafootholdintheconsciousnessofoursociety.Butthese

generalizationsdorealharmasthesemythsmaybecomepartofthewiderpopulation.

It'sabouttimethatwe,asasociety,walkedawayfromgeneralizationsandstereotypes.I

leaveyouwiththewordsofMartinLutherKingJr.fromhisfamous**IHaveaDream“speech:"I

looktoadaywhenpeoplewillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskin,butbythecontentoftheir

character?'Byreservingjudgmentandreallygettingtoknowtheindividual,youmightjustfind

yourirrationalideashavenofoundation.

56.Accordingtothepassage,howdopeoplelendtojudgeothers?

A.Bydescribingpeople'spersonalities.

B.Bytrulygettingtoknowthosearound.

C.Byobservingtheirnoticeablefeatures.

D.ByfollowingMartinLutherKing'sspeech.

57.Accordingtotheauthor,acultureofdiscriminationappearsbecause.

A.peopleliveinplacesofvariousraces

B.peoplearebornwithunreasonableideas

C.prejudicesslightlyinfluencepeople'sbeliefsystem

D.peopleusuallymakejudgmentswithoutthinkingtwice

58.Examplesof“millennials”and"dad-fhshiorTarcmentionedinParagraph3to

reveal

A.generalizationshaveunfavourablepositioninsociety

B.generalizationshaveanegativeinfluenceonoursociety

C.generalizationsarefoundpeculiartothemiddle-agedChinese

D.generalizationsmaketoday'sChinesepeoplelackinterestorworry

59.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith.

A.thecommonprejudiceB.people'sexpectationofthemselves

C.thegroundlessworriesD.thefamousspeechofMartinLutherKing

56?59CDBA

ChicagoTribune

CompaniesTakePunitive（懲罰性）SiepsAgainstSmokers,OverweightWorkers

ByTimJonesAlthoughthousandsofemployershave

Getreadytosaygoodbyetothedaysofputinplaceinspirationsfbrtheirworkerstolive

high-fatmeals,junkfoodsnacksandthathealthierlifestyles,thevastmajorityof

after-workcigaretteyoualwaysenjoyemployershavenotyetadoptedtheapproachof

smoking—atleastifyouintendtohaveajobpunishingemployeeswhodon'tsatisfymedical

andhealthinsurance.Therulesoftheorbehavioralrequirements.Butpunitive（懲罰

workplacearechanging,andpersonalbehavior'性）measuresaregainingafootholdinthe

andlifestylehabits-thoseunrelatedtowhatworkplace,accordingtolawyersandgroups

youdoatwork-arenowfairgameforthatfollowinsuranceandemploymenttrends,

employersdeterminedtocuthealth-carecosts.becausehealth-carecostsaregrowingat

Ifyousmoke,youmaynotgethiredandhigh-single-digittodouble-digitratesannually.

youcouldgetfired.Ifyourcholesterol（膽固醇）GaryClimes,vicepresidentofMeritain

istoohigh,youcanpayhigherpremiums（保險(xiǎn)HealthMichigan,whichnowownsWe-yco,

費(fèi)）foryourinsurance.Thesamegoesforbloodnotedthatthefiringsdidn'tviolateMichigan

pressureandbodymass.Therequirementslawandthatthe15（）employeesatthe

acceptedbyagrowingnumberofcompaniesOkemos-basedcompanyhave,overtime,

areencroachingonprivacyandraisingacceptedtherules."Itreallycomesdowntoa

questionsaboutwhowillqualifyfbrhealthpersonalchoiceasfarasyouwanttobe

insurance,aswellasemployment.employedhere,"Climessaid.Climessaidthat

TheClevelandCliniconSept.1startedsince2005,whenWe-ycomadethewellness

nicotinetestinginpre-employmentphysicals.Ifpolicythatincludesthesmokingban,health

nicotineisfound,applicantswillnotbehired.insurancecostshaveincreasedbynomorethan

We-ycoInc.,acompanybasedinLansing,2percentayear,wellbelowthenational

Michigan,drewnationalattentionin2005whenaverage.

itfiredfouremployeeswhousedtobacco.

Wc-ycoperformsrandomtestingeverythree

months,usuallyofabout30employees.

Workersarerequiredtoblowintoa

Breathalyzer-linkdevicethatmeasurescarbon

monoxidelevels.Ifthereadingishigh,

employeesarcrequiredtotakeaurine（尿）test.

Iftheyfailtheurinalysistwice,theywillbe

dismissed.

56.Whatistheauthor'sadviceforgettingemployed?

A.Payinghigherpremiumsofhealthinsurance.

B.Quittingsmokingandkeepingawayfromjunkfood.

C.Takingaurinetestbeforeapplyingforagoodjob.

D.Studyinghardandknowingmoreaboutthecompany.

57.Theitalicizedwordsencroachingoninthepassagemean,

A.enrichingB.recording

C.protectingD.invading

58.We-yocInc.drewnationalattentionin2005because.

A.fourofitsemployeeswerefiredjustforsmoking

B.fourofitsemployeesviolatedMichiganlaw

C.itshealthinsurancecostshaveincreasedrapidly

D.adevicewasusedtomeasurecarbonmonoxidelevels

59.Whatisthemostprobabletitleofthispassage?

A.Healthinsurancecostsareincreasing.

B.Urinetestsarerequiredforeveryemployee.

C.Mostoftheemployersgettoughonhealth.

D.Employeesareprovidedwithgoodhealthcare.

BDAC

(C)

Asbusinessesandgovernmentshavestruggledtounderstandtheso-called

millennials-bornbetweenroughly1980and2000一onefrequentconclusionhas

beenthattheyhaveauniqueloveofcities.Adeep-seatedpreferencefornightlifeand

subways,thethinkinggoes,hasdriventheprosperityofurbancoresacrosstheU.S.

overthelastdecade-plus.

Butthere'smountingevidencethatmillennials,loveofcitieswasonlyapassing

fling(放縱).Millennialsdon,tlovecitiesanymorethanpreviousgenerations.

ThelatestargumentcomesfromDowellMyers,anurbanplanningprofessorat

USC.Astheyage,saysMyers,millennials'presenceincities,will“beevaporating

throughourfingers,ifwedon'tmakesomeplansnow."That'sbecausemillennials,

preferenceforcitieswillfadeastheystartfamiliesandbecomemoreestablishedin

theircareers.

It'saboutmorethanaging,though.DemographerWilliamFreyhasbeenarguing

fbryearsthatmillennialshavebecome'stuck'incitiesbythe2008downturnandthe

followingslowrecovery,withpoorjobprospectsanddecliningwagesmakingit

harderforthemtoaffordtobuyhomesinsuburbia.

Myers,too,saysobservershaveconfusedyoungpeople'spresenceincitieswith

apreferenceforcities.Surveydatashowsthatmoremillennialswouldliketobe

livinginthesuburbsthanactuallyare.Butthenormalcareerandfamilycycles

movingyoungpeoplefromcitiesintosuburbanhouseshavebecome,inMyers'words,

“apluggedupdrain

Butunemploymenthasfinallyreturnedtohealthylows(thoughparticipation

ratesandwagesarestilllargelydepressing),whichMyerssaysshouldfinallyincrease

mobilityfbrmillennials.

Othertrendsamongmillennials,supposedlymattersoflifestylepreference,have

alreadyturnedouttohavebeendrivenmostlybyeconomics.Whatwasonce

consideredtheirbroadpreferenceforpublictransitmayhavealwaysbeena

now-reversinginabilitytoaffordcars.Evendecades-longtrendstowardsmarrying

laterhavebeenstressedastoday'syoungpeoplestrugglefbrfinancialstability.

Investorsarealreadytakingtheideathatmillennialswillreturntooldbehavior

patternsseriously,puttingmoremoneyintoautomanufacturersanddevelopers.But

urban1吃styles,uptoandincludingtrendybars,aren'tjustmodern-they'reapartof

whatpowersacity'seconomicengines,bringingpeopletogethertoexplorenewideas,

createcompanies,andbuildcareers.

Fromthe1960stothe1990s,wesawthatsuburbanizationalsomeansan

economicandsocialhollowingoutfbrcities.Nowthattheeconomicrestrictionsarc

coiningofftoday'syoungcityresidents,citiesthatwanttostayvibranthavetofigure

outhowtoconvincethem—andtheirgrowingfamilies—tostickaround.

63.Overthelastdecade,whatisthoughttohaveensuredtheprosperityofthecity?

A.Fasteconomicdevelopment.B.Around-the-clockclub

services.

C.Convenientpublictransport.D.Well-establishedcareers.

64.WhyareMillennialsabouttoleavecity?

A.Itistooexpensiveforthemtobuyapartmentincities.

B.Theyfinditdifficulttoseekagoodjobincities.

C.Iliseasiertogelmarriedmovingtothesuburban.

D.Theyaremoreconfidentwiththeireconomicsituation.

65.WhatdoestheauthormeanquotingMyer'spluggeduptZraz/f'(para5)?

A.Millennialsarereluctanttoleaveattractivecities.

B.Millennialsarestoppedfrommovingtothesuburbs.

C.Millennialsareunwillingtobecutofffromthesuburban.

D.Millennialsareafraidofanothereconomicdecline.

66.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuburbanization?

A.Asignofstablefinance.B.Agrowthofhealthissues.

C.Aconflictofnewideas.D.Alossofmodernlife.

63-66BDBA

(A)

"Don'ttellanyone".Wehearthesewordswhensomeonetellsasecrettous.Butit

canbehardtokeepasecret.We'reoftentemptedto"spillthebeans”,evenifwc

regretitlater.

AccordingtoAsimShah,professorintheMenningerDepartmentofPsychiatry

andBehavioralSciencesatBaylorCollegeofMedicine,US,keepingasecretmay

well"becomeaburden'1.Thisisbecausepeopleoftenhavean''obsessive(無法擺脫

的)andanxiousurgetoshareitwithsomeone”.

Anearlierstudy,ledbyAnitaE.Kelly,ascientistattheUniversityofNotre

Dame,US,suggestedthatkeepingasecretcouldcausestress.Peopleentrustedwith

secretscansufferfromdepression,anxiety,andbodyaches,reportedtheDailyMail.

Butwithsecretssooftengettingout,whydopeoplesharethematall?Shah

explainedthatpeopleoftenfeelthatitwillhelpthemkeepapersonasafriend.

Anotherreasonpeoplesharesecretsisguiltoverkeepingitfromsomeonecloseto

them.Asenseofdistrustcandevelopwhenpeoplewhoareclosedonotshareitwith

eachother."Keepingorsharingsecretsoftenputspeopleinapositionofeither

gainingorlosingthetrustofsomeone/accordingtoShah.

Headdedthattalkativepeoplecouldletsecretsslipout.Butthisdoesn'tmean

thatitisagoodideaonlytosharesecretswithquietpeople.Aquietpersonmaybe

someonewhokeepseverythinginside.Totellsuchapersonasecretmaycausethem

stress,andmakethemtalkaboutthesecret.

Shahsaidthattojudgewhethertotellsomeoneasecret,you'dbetterputyourself

intheirposition.Thinkabouthowyouwouldfeeltobetoldthatyoumustn'tgivethe

informationaway.Shahalsorecommendedthatifyouaccidentallygiveupsomeone's

secretyoushouldcomecleanaboutit.Letthepersonknowthattheirsecretisn'tso

secretanymore.

56.Theunderlinedphrase"spillthebean1'isclosestinmeaningto.

A.letoutasecretB.tellthetruth

C.eatourwordsD.takegossip

57.Apersonwhoisentrustedwithasecret.

A.isoftenobsessedwithacertainthreat

B.oftenwouldrathernothavebeentoldaboutit

C.usuallyhasastrongdesiretokeepituntildeath

D.maysufferfromphysicalorpsychologicalproblems

58.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Quietpeoplearemorelikelytokeepthesecretstothemselves.

B.Sharingsecretshelpsestablishfriendshiporgetoverthesenseofguilt.

C.It'sbettertoinformothersofthechancesofyourleakingsecretsbeforehand.

D.Puttingyourselfinothers'shoeshelpsrealizethedifficultyofkeepingsecrets.

59.What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Wallshaveears.

B.Stilltonguesmakewiseheads.

C.Awordspokenispastrecalling.

D.Everywallhasacrack.

56-59ADDD

（C）

Thelargest-everstudyofthelinkbetweencitywalkabilityandhighblood

pressurehasbeenheldupasevidenceofthe''invisiblevalueofurbandesign”in

improvinglong-termhealthoutcomes,sayresearchers.

Thestudyofaround430,000peopleagedbetween38and73andlivingin22UK

citiesfoundsignificantassociationsbetweentheincreasedwalkabilityofa

neighborhood,lowerbloodpressureandreducedriskofhighbloodpressureamong

itsresidents.

Theoutcomesremainedconsistentevenafteradjustmentsforsocio-demographic

（社會(huì)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)）lifestyleandchangingphysicalenvironmentfactors,thoughthe

protectiveeffectswereparticularlypronouncedamongparticipantsagedbetween5（）

and60,women,andthoseresidinginhigherdensityandpoorneighborhoods.

ThepaperwaspublishedintheInternationalJournalofHygieneand

EnvironmentalHealththisweek.Withhighbloodpressureamajorriskfactorfor

chronic（慢性的）andparticularlyheartdiseases,researchersattheUniversityof

HongKongandOxfordUniversitysaidthefindingsdemonstratedtheneedtotake

noticeofthehealth-influencingfactorinurbandesign.

“Withtheincreasingpaceofurbanizationanddemographicshiftstowardsan

ageingpopulation,webecomemorelikelytosufferfromchronicdiseases,“saidDr.

ChinmoySarkar,anassistantprofessorattheHealthyHighDensityCitiesLabofthe

UniversityofHongKongandleadauthorofthestudy."Theactiontakentoimprove

publichealthmustconsidertheinvisiblevalueofurbanplanninganddesign.

“Wearespendingbillionsofpoundsinpreventingandcuringheartdiseases一if

weareabletoinvestincreatinghealthycitiesthroughsmallchangesinthedesignof

ourneighborhoodstomakethemmoreactivity-friendlyandwalkable,thenprobably,

wewillhavesignificantsavingsinfliturehealthcareexpenses.”

Tomeasureaneighborhood'sactivity-promotingpotential,researchersdeveloped

asetofindexofwalkabilitycontainingrelevanturbanelements,includingresidential

andretail（零售）density,publictransport,street-levelmovement,anddistanceto

attractivedestinations.

Poorlydesignedspacesgenerallyreducedwalkingandphysicalactivity,

promotingthelifestylesoflongtimesittingdownandnotmoving;andwerehannful

tosocialinteractions,andassuchassociatedwithpoorermentalandphysicalhealth.

Becausewalkabilitywas“basedontheunderlyingdesignofthecity"，saidSarkar,

citiescouldbemodifiedordesignedtoencourageit“Suchinvestmentsinhealthy

designarelikelytobringinlong-termgainsastheyareenduringandcommon.^^

63.Byconsidering“invisiblevalueofurbandesign”,