考研英語（翻譯）模擬試卷20

考研英語（翻譯）模擬試卷20

一、閱讀9翻譯句子)(本題共25題，每題7.0分，共

25分。)

Muchhasbeenmadeofthe400thanniversarythisyearofGalileopointingatelescopeat

themoonandjottingdownwhathesaw.But2009isalsothe400thanniversaryofthe

publicationbyJohannesKepler,aGermanmathematicianandastronomer,of

"AstronomiaNova".[Fl]Thiswasabookthatcontainedanaccountofhisdiscoveryof

howtheplanetsmovearoundthesun,correctingCopemicus'sownmorefamousbut

incorrectlyfoimulateddescriptionofthesolarsystem.Anditestablishedthelawsfor

planetarymotiononwhichIsaacNewtonbasedhiswork.Fourcenturiesagothereceived

wisdomwasthatofAristotle,whoassertedthattheEarthwasthecentreoftheuniverse,

andthatitwasencircledbythespheresofthemoon,thesun,theplanetsandthestars

beyondthem.Copernicushadnoticedinconsistenciesinthistheoryandhadplacedthe

sunatthecentre,withtheEarthandtheotherplanetstravellingaroundthesun.[F2]

SomesixdecadeslaterwhenKeplertackledthemotionofMars,heproposedanumber

ofgeometricmodels,checkinghisresultsagainstthepositionoftheplanetasrecordedby

hisboss.Keplerrepeatedlyfoundthathismodelfailedtopredictthecorrectpositionof

theplanet.Healtereditand,insodoing,createdfirstegg-shaped"orbits"and,finally,an

ellipse(|ffiM)withthesunplacedatonefocus.[F3]Keplerwentontoshow[hatan

elliptical0rbitissufficiem[oexplain[hemovementoftheotherplanetsandtodevisethe

lawsofplanetarymotionthatNewtonbuilton.A.E.L.Davisthisweektoldastronomers

andhistoriansthatitwastherotationofthesunthatprovidedKeplerwithwhathe

thoughtwasoneofthecausesoftheplanetarymotionthathislawsdescribed,although

hisreasoningwouldtodaybeconsideredentirelywrong.[F4]In1609astronomyand

astiologywereseenasinlimately[elated;mathematicsandnaluralphilosophy,

meanwhile,werequiteseparateaieasofendeavor.however.Keplersoughtphysical

mechanismstoexulainhismathematicalresult.Hewantedtoknowhowitcouldbe(hat

theplanetsorbitedthesun.[F5]Oncehelearnedihal(hesunrelated,hecomforled

himselfwilhiheIhoughl〔halihesun'sraysmuslsomehowsweepihe"anetsaroundit

whilesomemagnelismaccouniedforiheexactellipticalpath.Astoday'sastronomeis

struggletodeterminewhethertheycanlearnfromthepast,Kepler'staleprovidesa

salutaryreminderthatonlysomeexplanationsstandthetestoftime.

1、[Fl]

標準答案：這部著作論述了他發現的行星圍繞太陽運行的規律，從而修正了哥白尼

給太陽系作的錯誤描述，盡管哥白尼的論述更加廣為人知。

知識點解析：暫無解析

2、[F2]

標準答案：大約60年后，開普勒為研究火星運行軌跡假設了大量的幾何模型，但

是根據這些模型預測出的結果和他上司記錄的火星位置不一致。

知識點解析：暫無解析

3、[F3]

標準答案：接著，開普勒又證明橢圓軌道模型同樣適用于解釋其他行星的運行軌

跡，并且依此模型足以歸納出行星運行定律.而這些定律日后成為了牛頓的理論基

礎。

知識點解析：暫無解析

4、[F4]

標準答案：1609年，天文學和星象學被視為聯系緊密的兩個學科，而數學和物理

學則是完全獨立的兩個研究領域，但開普勒卻試圖以物理機制來驗證數學結果。

知識點解析：暫無解析

5、（F51

標準答案：當他得知太陽存在自轉現象時，他就自欺欺人地認為太陽的光線無論如

何一定會照射到周圍的行星，而某種磁力使得這些行星沿著規則的橢圓軌道運行。

知識點解析：暫無解析

Themiddleclasseshavealwaysbeenthedefensewallofsociety.[Fl]Aristotle

believedtheyweredemocracy'ssecretweapon-theprotectorsofsocialvalues，the

moderatorsofpoliticalextremism,andbelieversinasocietyrunbylawsinsteadofby

strongmen.Theyhavealsobeentheenginesofeconomicgrowth,settingthestage

centuriesagofortheexpansionofcapitalismandglobaltrade,andcontinuingthroughthe

agestosnapupeverynevzgadgetinsight.[F2]Now,withtheWesternmiddleclasses

sinkingintodebtanddistress.manyeconomistlookI。anewemerging-marketmiddle

classasthepotentialfoundationforanewageofglobalsafetyandprosperity.Aslarge

developingnationsbecamemoreprosperous,itwasalwaysassumedthattheywould

becomemorelikethesuburbsofWashingtonorLondon-liberal,democratic,market-

friendlybastionsnotonlyofWestern-styleconsumerismbutalsoofpoliticalliberty.

Withtimeandwealth,"they"wouldbecomejustlike"us."Thetruthisthat"they"arenot

becomingjustlike"us."[F3]Theglobalmiddleclassisrisingfasterthanexpected,in

numbersandinwealth,butconvergingincomesarenoiyieldingshaiedvalues.Thee-

mergingbourgeoisieisapatchworkofcontradictions:clamorousbutrarely

confrontationalpolitically,supportersofglobalizationyethighlynationalistic,proudof

theirnations'upwardmobilityyetinsecureandfearfultheywillfallback,fiercely

individualisticbutreliantongovernmentsubsidies,andoftensociallyconservative.Many

oftheaspiringeliteseemwillingtoletthepowersthatbe—whetherauthoritarian

governmentsorelectedones-calltheshotsaslongastheydeliverthespoilsofgrowth.

It'salsoworthrememberingthatthenewmiddleclassesarepsychologicallydrivenbyan

oddmixofprideandinsecurity.[F4]Closeto30percentofBrazil'snewmiddleclass

owesitslivelihoodtoihcinfbimalmarket,whereincomeisirregular,safetynetsare

nonexislent、andopportunilyforerhlrepreneurshipislimited.ManyhaveboiTOwedtheir

waytohigherlivingstandards,onereasonperhapsthat53percentsaytheyliveinfearof

unemployment,lossofincome,orevenbankruptcy.Theyhavebenefitedfromthe

explosionofprivateschoolsbuthaveseentheoverallqualityofeducationplummet,

erodingoneoftheclassicmiddle-classpathstosocialmobility.[F5]Indeid,some

developmenteconomistsarguethatthepoorwillbeagreaterforceforsocialchange,but

theirabilitytobecomeaforceforbettergovernment,greaterfreedoms,lesscorruption,

andmoreeconomiclibertyismuchlesscertain."They"haveaverylongwaytogo

beforebecoming"us."

6、[Fl]

標準答案：亞里士多德認為中產階級是民主政治的秘密武器——他們保護社會價

值，調和政治極端主義，并且相信社會是由法律而非一兩個強權者主導。

知識點解析：暫無解析

7、[F2]

標準答案：現在，西方許多中產階級深陷債務和苦惱之中，因此，很多經濟學家都

在指望新興市場上的中產階級，將他們看做是全球安全繁榮新時代下的潛在基石。

知識點解析：暫無解析

8、[F3]

標準答案：全球中產階級興起的速度，不論是從數量上看還是從財富上看，都要比

想象中快得多。然而，聚集在中產階級身上的那些財富并沒有相應帶來統一的價值

觀。

知識點解析：暫無解析

9、[F4]

標準答案：巴西有將近30%的新興中產階級還靠著非正式市場謀生，那里收入不

穩定，沒有安全網絡，創業機會也十分有限。

知識點解析：暫無解析

10、[F5]

標準答案：的確，有些發展經濟學家爭論說，貧困階級將是社會變革更大的推動

力，但是他們是否能推動建立一個更好的政府、實現更大程度的自由、減少腐敗滋

生、最終達到經濟自由，這就未可知了。

知識點解析：暫無解析

LeeKuanYew（李光耀）embodiesauniquelyAsianapproachtogovernancethathas

oftenbeenaloddswiththeWesterndemocraticprinciples.[Fl]Fordecades,hehas

spokeninfavorof,Asianvalues”,apoliticalphilosophyihalmighlbelooselysummed

upasrespectforauthorityandorder、whileputtingihcgoodofsociclyaboveihalofihc

individual.Hiscriticismshavefocusedontheexcessesofdemocracy,particularly

freedomofspeech,andtheimpacttheyhaveonthesearchforeconomicgrowth.[F2]

Inthepast,Leehasnotbeenshyaboutsinglingoutthosenationsinwhichanexcessof

democracy'smessincsshastemperedsteadyeconomicprogressandthebettermentofthe

lifechancesordinaryfolk.Butthestrengthofhisargumentdoesnotrestonlyonother

知識點解析：暫無解析

Likeotherformsoflifeonthisplanet,humanbeingsconfrontabasictask:todeal

satisfactorilywiththeirconflictsandtherebysecuretheadvantagesofcommunityand

cooperation.[Fl]Unlikeotherfoimsoflife,humanbeingsareendowedwitha

capacitytoreflectonthistaskandtosearchforbettersolutionsbyconsciousthoughand

deliberatechoices.Thetaskofovercomingconflictsandachievingcommunityand

cooperationarisesbecausehumanbeingsareunableandunwillingtoliveincomplete

isolation.[F2]Theadvanlagesofcooperatianandcommunilylifearesonumerousand

soobvious〔haliheymuslhavebeenevidentlomanfromearliesltimes.Bynow,our

ancestorshaveclosedoffthechoice;formostofustheoptionoftotalisolationfroma

communityis,realisticallyspeaking,nolongeropen.[F3]Nonelheless,however

slronglyhumanbeingsaredrivenloseekihecomDanyoneanolher,anddespite

thousandsofyears'practiceiheyhaveneverdiscoveredawayinwhichiheycanlive

togetherwithoutconflict.Conflictexistswhenoneindividualwishestofollowalineof

actionthatwouldmakeitdifficultorimpossibleforsomeoneelsetopursuehisown

desires.Conflictseemstobeaninescapableaspectofthecommunityandconsequentlyof

humanbeing.Whyconflictseemsinescapableisaquestionthathastroubledmany

people:philosophers,theologians,historians,socialscientists,anddoubtlessagreatmany

ordinarypeople.JamesMadisonheldthatconflictwasbuiltintotheverynatureofmen

andwomen.Humanbeingshavediverseabilities,hewroteinTheFederalist,andthesein

turnproducediverseinterests.[F4]"Aslongasmanhasirrationalideas,andheisat

libertytoexerciseit,“Madisonwrote,,differentopinionswillbeformed."Whateverthe

explanationforconflictmaybe,andMadison'sisbutoneofmany,itsexperienceisone

oftheprimefactsofallcommunityoflife.Yetifthisweretheonlyfact,thenhumanlife

wouldfitthedescriptionbytheEnglishpoliticalphilosopher,ThomasHobbes,inhis

Leviathan(l651).Hobbesdescribesmankindinastateofnature—aconditionwithout

government-havinglittleinthewayofagriculture,industry,trade,knowledge,arts,

lettersorsociety.[F5]"AndwhichisworstofallJheconcludedinafamoussentence,

toexistwithoutgovernmentwouldmean"continualfear,anddangerofviolentdeathand

thelifeofman,solitary,poor,nastyandshort.”

16、[Fl]

標準答案：不同于其他生物的是，面對這一難題，人類生來就能認真思考，慎重選

擇，尋找更好的解決辦法。

知識點解析：暫無解析

17、[F2]

標準答案：人類在遠古時期一定已經明白，合作和社群生活有諸多明顯的優勢。

知識點解析：暫無解析

18、[F3]

標準答案：然而，盡管人類強烈需要結伴生活，也經歷了幾千年的磨合，但人類還

是沒有找到能和睦共處的方法。

知識點解析：暫無解析

19、[F4]

標準答案：“只要人類一直存在不理性的想法，并能隨意付諸實施，”麥迪遜寫道，

”意見分歧就會形成。”

知識點解析：暫無解析

20、[F5]

標準答案：“最糟糕的是，”他以一句名言做了總結，無政府的人類存在就意味著

“持續的恐慌、暴斃的危險，以及孤獨、窮困、骯臟而短暫的人生”。

知識點解析：暫無解析

Environmentalistsclaimthemoralhighground:theirinterestsareinpreservingour

preciousplanet,protectingdefenselessanimals,ensuringourchildrenhavecleanwaterto

drinkandairtobreathe.Yetenvironmentalists'policieshavebeenamuchmoremixed

bagintermsoftheiractualconsequences.[Fl]IndisDutably.manyregulationsand

initiativeshavereducedpollutionandimprovedairandwateraualily、tothebenefilof

everyone,butotherenvironmentaleffortshavebackfired、somewilhtiulydisastious

consequences.Considerwhat'shappenedwithDDT(achemicalusedtokillinsectsthat

harmcrops).ThepesticidecameintouseduringWorldWarIIandhelpedeliminate

malaria.Howeverin1962,anenvironmentalistwrotethatthechemicalwascausing

canceranddestroyingwildlife.In1972,DDTwasbannedintheU.S.andultimately

worldwide.Asaresultoftheban,malariaremainedaplagueinmanypoorcountries.

[F2]SoduringthedecadesinwhichDDTwasnotused,whentheworldbowedt。

undoubtedlyweH-intenlionedenvironmentalactivists,about50millionpeople一

ovenvhelminglyAfricanchildren-died,mostlyunnecessarily.Ethanolprovidesanother

example.Foryears,biofuelswereheraldedasthepromisingalternativetofossilfuels,yet

itturnsoutbiofuel'senvironmentalimpactismuchmorecomplicated.In2008,Time

magazinewroteaboutethanol'sdubiousenvironmentalbenefits.[F3]Thearticle

warned【halforesls,wetlands,andgrasslandswerebeingsacrificedinarushlofaim

cropsihatcouldbelurnedintogasoline,sotheonceenvironmentallyfavoredsolutionU)

ourenergyproblemsisnowrecognizedasapotentialenvironmentalcatastrophe.It's

worthnotingthat,beyondbiofuel'senvironmentaleffects,usingfoodforfuelhasa

significantimpactontheworldwidefoodsupply.Prominentenvironmentalistspromise

thattheyareconfidentthatmaniscausingtheEarthtowarm,andtheydon'twantto

contemplatealternativetheoriesabouthowthesunmightberesponsibleforwarming,

thatthewanningisn'tunpreced