英美文學簡史及名篇選讀 英國文學 課件 03 lecture on 17th century lierature、04 lecture on 18th century literature

英國文學17th-centuryEnglishLiterature

LectureV:The17thCenturyEnglishLiteratureI.HistoricalBackgroundII.EnglishLiterature

1.JohnDonne(1572-1631)2.JohnMilton(1608-1674)3.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)4.JohnDryden(1631-1700)

1.HistoricalBackgroundI.1.TheOutburstofEnglishRevolutionTheCommonwealth（英聯邦）1.2.TheRestoration（王政復辟）In1653,OliverCromwellimposedamilitarydictatorshiponthecountry.Afterhisdeath(in1658)monarchywasagainrestored.In1660,thesonofthebeheadedking,CharlesII,waswelcomedbackasKinguntil1688,andthishasbeenknownastheperiodoftheRestoration,theperiodbetweenthecrowningofCharlesIIandtheRevolutionof1688.1.3.“GloriousRevolution”--In1688,thecountryinvitedPrinceWilliamofOrange,Mary’shusband,tobetheKingofEngland.Itiscalled“glorious”becauseitwasbloodlessandtherewasnorevivaloftherevolutionarydemands.--Afterthat,thestatestructureofEnglandwassettled,withinwhichcapitalismcoulddevelopfreely.1.4Therevolutionmeantthreethings(1)thesupremacyofParliament(2)thebeginningofmodernEngland(3)thefinaltriumphoftheprincipleofpoliticalliberty2.EnglishLiterature

LiteraryCharacteristicsofthePeriod(1)IntheRevolutionPeriod,thekingbecametheopenenemyofthepeople.(2)LiteratureinthePuritanAgeexpressedrageandsadness.Wecannotfindanyromanticardor.(3)Themainliteraryformwaspoetry.(4)AgeofMilton(5)MetaphysicalPoets(6)Thegreatprosewriter:JohnBunyan.3.MetaphysicalPoets

(玄學派詩人)--TheMetaphysicalPoetsappearedinEnglandataboutthebeginningofthe17thcentury.Theworksofthesepoetsarecharacterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticallyinform.JohnDonneisthefounderoftheMetaphysicalSchool.--Metaphysicalpoetry:Itisa17thcenturystyleofpoetrywhichcombinedstrongfeelingswithcleverarrangementsofwords.3.1JohnDonne

(1572-1631)約翰·鄧恩3.1.1Hislife:--JohnDonnewasbornofafamilywithastrongRomanCatholictradition.--HestudiedatOxford,andthentoTrinityCollege,Cambridge,butleftwithouttakingadegreefromthisuniversity.--HelaterturnedasaintlydivineandendedastheoutstandingDeanofSt.Paul’sCathedral,London.--HealsoservedastheMemberofParliament.St.Paul’sCathedral3.1.2HisLiteraryPosition(1)HeisoneoftheMetaphysicalPoets,thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschool

(2)Hispoetryinfluencedmanymodernpoets,suchasT.S.Eliot(艾略特）,JohnRansom(約翰·蘭塞姆）,andAllenTate(艾倫·泰特）.(3)JohnDonneisamongthebestpreachersinEngland.Nomanisanisland,

entireofitself;

everymanisapieceofthecontinent,

apartofthemain;

ifaclodbewashedawaybythesea,

Europeistheless,

aswellasifapromontorywere,

aswellasifamanorofthyfriend’sorofthineownwere:

anyman’sdeathdiminishesme,

becauseIaminvolvedinmankind,

andtherefore,

neversendtoknowforwhomthebelltolls;

ittollsforthee.譯文：沒有誰是一座孤島，

在大海里獨踞；

每個人都像一塊小小的泥土，

連接成整個陸地。

如果有一塊泥土被海水沖刷，

歐洲就會失去一角，

這如同一座山岬，

也如同一座莊園，

無論是你的還是你朋友的。

無論誰死了，

都是我的一部分在死去，

因為我包含在人類這個概念里。

因此，

不要問喪鐘為誰而鳴，

喪鐘為你而鳴。SermonsinStPaul'sCathedral.

3.1.3JohnDonne’sMetaphysicalpoetryconceit

(巧思妙喻)--far-fetchedcomparison--Conceitisanelaborateextendedsimileorfigurativecomparisonwithinapoem,usedespeciallybythemetaphysicalpoets.[simile,metaphor,hyperbole,oxymoron（矛盾修辭法)]--Acomparisonbecomesaconceitwhenwearemadetoconcedelikenesswhilebeingstronglyconsciousofunlikeness.FleaMeitsuckedfirst,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisflea,ourtwobloodsmingledbe;…Ohstay,threelivesinonefleaspare,Wherewealmost,naymorethanmarriedare.ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis;住手，寬恕這只跳蚤里的三條生命，

它的身體不只是見證我們的婚姻。

這跳蚤就是你我的的婚床，是我倆婚姻的殿堂；Questions1.Whoisthespeakerinthispoem?2.Whatisthetypicalcomparisoninthepoem?3.Whatdoes“threelivesinonefleaspare”mean?4.Whydoesthespeakersaythattokillthefleawouldbe“threethinsinkillingthree”?5.Whatistherealpurposeofthemalespeaker'sargument?6.Whatisthetoneofthepoem?參考譯文瞧這里，看看這只跳蚤，你對我的拒絕是多么微不足道；它先叮我，現在又咬你，我們的血液已融入跳蚤一體；你知道這是不能言說的，丟掉貞操，沒有羞恥，就是罪惡；沒有求愛，卻享受在先，飽餐我倆的血液后大腹便便，這種享受令我們汗顏。參考譯文住手，一只跳蚤，三條生命，它的身體是我們婚約的見證。這跳蚤就是你和我，它的腹腔就是我們的婚床，婚姻的殿堂；父母怨恨，你不情愿，而我們仍然相遇，在黝黑的生命墻壁中隱居。盡管你習慣性地想奪其生命，不要，會殺了我，也增加你的自殺罪行，殺害三條生命會褻瀆神靈。參考譯文多么殘忍，突然捕殺用無辜的鮮血染紅自己的指甲？這跳蚤只不過吸了你的一滴血，何罪之有，生命被滅？你卻以勝利者的口吻說你我并未因失血而虛弱；的確，擔心只不過是虛驚一場，接受我的愛，你的名譽不會有絲毫損傷，猶如跳蚤之死無損你生命一樣。Tones-

Sometimes

the

tone

is

persuasive:

‘Mark

but

this

flea,

and

mark

in

this,

how

little

that

which

thou

deniest

me

is'.-

Sometimes

the

tone

is

mocking:

‘Cruel

and

sudden,

hast

thou

since

purpled

thy

nail

in

blood

of

innocence?'-Sometimes

the

tone

is

pleading:

‘O

stay,

three

lives

in

one

flea

spare'-Thewholetoneisfullofjokeorwittyhumor:

'ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebedandmarriagetempleis;'4.JohnMilton(1608-1674)4.1

HisLife-poetandpolemicist;-St.Paul'sSchoolinLondon,andChrist'sCollege,Cambridge

-In1638heleftEnglandtocompletehiseducationwithtwoyearsoftravelinEurope.-Aftertherevolutionsucceededandthecommonwealthwasestablished,hebecameLatinsecretarytothecouncilofforeignaffairs.-Hismarriage:HewasmarriedtoMaryPowell,amemberofaRoyalistfamily,inJune,1642.Sixweeksafterthemarriageshelefttoreturntoherparents.

-HewroteanumberofpamphletsdefendingtheEnglishrevolution.(DefenceoftheEnglishPeople;SecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople.)-Cromwell,themanofaction;Milton,themanofthought-Hewentblindin1652.Thenhewrotethreemasterpieces.Christ'sCollege,Cambridge

4.2Milton'sLiteraryPosition-Heisthegreatestwriterofthe17thcentury,andoneofthegiantsofEnglishliterature.-Miltonisagreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury,anoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteer(themanofthought).-Miltonisagreatstylist.-Heisagreatmasterofblankverse.4.3.Masterpieces

ParadiseLost(1667)

ParadiseRegained(1671)

SamsonAgonistes(1671)-poeticaldrama--Hispoetryisnoteasyreadinganddoesnotsoundnatural.HisBiblicalandclassicalallusionsandhisepicsimilesareoftenobscureandtheirbeautyisdifficulttobecaughtevenwiththehelpofexplanatorynotes.ParadiseLost(1)BriefintroductionGenre:poetryAuthor:JohnMiltonType:epic(12books)Time:GenesisPlace:Heaven,Hell,earthFirstpublished:1667(soldfor10pounds)Maincharacters:Satan;theGod;JesusChrist;Adam;Eve(2)BackgroundCivilwarbetweenCharlesIandParliament(Cromwell)HesupportedCromwellandbecameaministerofthegovernment.In1651,hewastotallyblind.Hebecameunpopular.Fromthenonhewrotehisthreegreatestworks.(3)Thestory:ThestoryoftheepicwastakenfromtheBible(OldTestament).--TheFallofmanandSatan'srevoltagainstgod--Sataninthestory:

andhisfollowersrevoltagainstGod↓defeated↓intoHell(BurningLake)↓notdiscouraged,wanttofightagain.↓battlefield__theGardenofEden(serpent)

↓temptsEvetoeatapple(fromTreeofKnowledge)↓Why?TearthefirstmanandwomanawayfromtheinfluenceofGod.↓EveandAdamdisobeyGod.↓ParadiseLost(loseinnocence,happinessimmortality)↓earthlylife:fullofsufferingWarinHeavenLuciferSatanRoadtoHeaven…Whatthoughthefieldbelost?Allisnotlost:theunconquerablewill,Andstudyofrevenge,immortalhate,Andcouragenevertosubmitoryield:Andwhatiselsenottobeovercome?ThatglorynevershallhiswrathormightExtortfromme.TobowandsueforgraceWithsuppliantknee,anddeifyhispowerWhofromtheterrorofthisarmsolateDoubtedhisempire-thatwerelowindeed,ThatwereanignominyandshamebeneathThisdownfall;sincebyfatethestrengthofgodsAndthisempyrealsubstancecannotfail;Since,throughexperienceofthisgreatevent,Inarmsnotworse,inforesightmuchadvanced,Wemaywithmoresuccessfulhoperesolve

Towagebyforceorguileeternalwar,IrreconcilabletoourgrandFoe,Whonowtriumphs,andinth'excessofjoySolereigningholdsthetyrannyofHeaven.”ExercisesParadiseLostis_____.a.Milton'smasterpieceb.agreatepicin12booksc.writteninblankversed.abouttheheroicrevoltofSatanagainstGod'sauthoritye.aboutthefallofman2.Miltonis____________.a.agreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcenturyb.anoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteerc.agreatstylistd.agreatmasterofblankverse(5)Characteristics--blankverse(i.e.unrhymediambicpentameter).--thelongandcomplicatedandsometimesseeminglyinterminablesentenceconstruction----MiltoninterpretsthestoryintheBiblefreelyforhimself:ParadiseLost譯文

105我們損失了什么？106.并不是一無所剩：107.堅定的意志、熱切的復仇心、不滅的憎恨，108.以及永不屈服、永不退讓的勇氣，109.難道還有比這些更難戰勝的嗎？110.我這份光榮絕不能被奪走，111.不管是他的暴怒，還是威力。112.經過這一次慘烈的戰爭，113.好容易才使他的政權動搖；114.若是這時還要卑躬屈膝，

115.向他乞求哀憐，拜倒在他的權力之下，116.那才真正是卑鄙、可恥，117.比這次的沉淪還要卑賤。118.因為我們具有與生俱來的神力，119.賦有輕清的靈質，不能朽壞，120.還因這次事件的教訓，121.我們要準備更優良的武器，122.更高明的遠見，更有成功的希望，123.以暴力或智力向我們的大敵124.挑起不可調解的持久戰爭。125.他現在正沉湎于成功，得意忘形，126.獨攬大權，在天上掌握虐政呢。

(6)Thetheme:--ThestoryoftheepicwastakenfromtheBible(OldTestament).ItisaboutSatan'srevoltagainstgodandthefallofman.StanzaI:detaileddescriptionofSatanandhisfollowers'meetinginhell.StanzaII:Heseeshischieffollower,Beelzebub,andaddressestohimaspeechofproudrebellion.Hewillplanrevenge.HewillneverbowdowntoGod.(7)Characterization-WhiletherebelSatanwhorisesagainstGodand,thoughdefeated,Satanstillseeksforrevenge,andheisbyfarthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem.-AdamandEveembodyMilton'sbeliefinthepowersofman.(8)TheImageofSatan

Satanistherealheroofthepoem.Likeaconqueredandbanishedgiant,heremainsobeyedandadmiredbythosewhofollowhimdowntohell.Thoughwounded,hiswillisunconquerable.Satanrepresentedthespiritofrebellionagainstunjustauthority.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)5.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)

約翰·班揚5.1Hispositionandhislife1.InthefieldofprosewritingofthePuritanAge,JohnBunyanoccupiesthemostimportantplace.-thesimplesteducation-imprisonedin1660-secondimprisonment:ThePilgrim'sProgress.5.2HisworksMasterpiece:ThePilgrim‘sProgress《天路歷程》1678,1684

ThePilgrim’sProgressIntroductionGenre:novelAuthor:JohnBunyanType:religiousallegoryTime:anytimePlace:anywhereFirstpublished:1678Form:intheformofdreamandallegoryMainCharactersMaincharacters:Christian

Faithful忠誠，Hopeful希望，MrWorldlyWiseman世故的聰明先生Evangelist福音傳教士Despair絕望Ignorance無知

Appollyon阿波里昂，一個巨魔Synopsis

--Christiansetoutwithabookandaload.--Twoobjects:a.togetridofhisburdenb.tomakehiswaytotheHolyCity--10stages:vividpictureofthedifficultiesandtriumphsoftheChristianlife--Twoparts:PartItellsofthereligiousconversionofChristian,andofhisreligiouslife.PartIIdescribesthesubsequentconversionofhiswifeandtheirchildrenandtheirsimilarjourneywithagroupoffriends.Theme:Ittellsareligiousman’ssearchforsalvationintheformofallegoryordream,andgivesafaithfulpictureofEnglishsociety.ExercisesParadiseLostis_____.a.Milton'smasterpieceb.agreatepicin12booksc.writteninblankversed.abouttheheroicrevoltofSatanagainstGod'sauthoritye.aboutthefallofman2.Miltonis____________.a.agreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcenturyb.anoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteerc.agreatstylistd.agreatmasterofblankverse英國文學18thCentury

EnglishLiteratureEnglishLiteratureinthe18thCenturyI.HistoricalBackgroundII.EnglishLiteratureinthisPeriod1.Enlightenment(movement)2.TheBeginningofModernNovels3.Sentimentalism(literarycurrent)4.Pre-Romanticism

I.HistoricalBackground

1.PeriodofacomparativelypeacefuldevelopmentinEngland2.Twohostileparties:WhigsandTories3.Talentedwriters:servantsofthetwoparties4.Developmentofsociallife5.Apublicmovement:TheEnlightenment6.Newliterarycurrent:Sentimentalism

I.ExercisesforHistoricalBackground

Filltheblanks1.Aftertheviolenteventsofthe17thcentury,Englandenteredaperiodofacomparatively________development.2.Thetwomainpartiesare________and_______.3.Mostofthegreatwritersoftheagebecamethe_____________ofthetwoparties.4.Anotherfeatureoftheagewastherapiddevelopmentof________________.peacefulWhigsTorieswillingservantssociallife

I.HistoricalBackground(2)

5.Howmanypubliccoffee-housesappearedinLondonalone?_________6.Whatistheinfluenceofsociallifeonliterature?7.TheEnlightenersfoughtagainst____________,_________,____________andothersurvivalsoffeudalism.8.WhatideaissimilartoChineseConfucianism

(儒家學說）？_____________________________About3000classinequalitystagnationprejudicesManwasbornkindandhonest.

I.HistoricalBackgroundandLiterature(3)

9.WhatisEnlightenment?(Seethetextbook)10.Itisanageof_______________.11.ThefirstrepresentativesoftheEnglishEnlightenmentwere____________and________________.12.________________wasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.13.However,itwas___________andT.G.SmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreoftherealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.prose/fictionRichardSteeleJosephAddisonRobinsonCrusoeHenryFielding

I.HistoricalBackgroundandLiterature(4)

14.SamuelRichardsoncreated__________and____________whichenrichedEuropeanliteraturewiththemethodofpsychologicalanalysis.15.ThemostoutstandingandinfluentialoneoftheepochinEnglandtoattackonaosicalproblemswas____________________.Hisrepresentativeis________________.16.WhatisSentimentalism?(Seethetextbook)PamelaClarissaJonathanSwiftGulliver'sTravels

I.HistoricalBackgroundandLiterature(5)

17.WhoisthemostoutstandingfigureofEnglishsentimentalism?_________________.18.Whoistherepresentativepoetofelegy?_______________.19.Whoarefamouspoetsofpre-romanticism?______________and______________.LaurenceSterneWilliamBlakeRobertBurnsThomasGreyAGeneralViewoftheLiteratureEnlightenment(啟蒙運動)TheEnlighteningwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.Itwasanexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theythoughtthechiefmeansforbetteringthesocietywas“enlightenment”or“education”forthepeople.TheEnglishenlightenerswerebourgeoisdemocraticthinkers.TheyweredifferentfromthoseofFrance,fortheyappearednotbeforebutafterthebourgeoisrevolution.Theysetnorevolutionaryaimbeforethem,andwhattheystroveforwastocarrytherevolutionthroughtoanend.Intheirworks,thewriterscriticizeddifferentaspectsofcontemporaryEngland,discussedsocialproblems,andeventoucheduponmoralityandprivatelife.Theyintendedtoreformthesociallifeaccordingtoamorereasonableprinciple,thoughthisprinciplecouldnevergobeyondthelimitofbourgeoisinterests.Sentimentalism

（感傷主義）

(literarycurrent)Sentimentalismisaliterarytraditionfollowedbysomepoetsandnovelistsofthe18thcentury,whichwereusedasasortofreliefforthegriefandheart-achesfelttowardtheworld'swrongs,andasakindofmildprotestagainstthesocialinjustice.ThewriterswhofollowedthistraditioncriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution.-

SentimentalismisnamedafterSterne'sASentimentalJourney.ItispartlyinspiredbytheemotionalpowerofSamuelRichardson’sPamela,orVirtueRewarded(1740).Therepresentativesofsentimentalism

areOliverGoldsmith,LaurenceSterne,SamuelRichardsonandThomasGray.Or:Sentimentalismisanemphasisonfeeling,oftenexpressedasexcessiveemotionalisminliterature.

Characteristicsoftheliterature1.Themainliterarystreamofthe18thcentury:realism2.Themaincharacters:commonpeople3.Themainliteraryform:prose

4.Thewritingstyle(tone):satire5.MostoftheEnglishwriterswereenlighteners.TherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwereJosephAddisonandRichardSteele,theessayists,andAlexanderPope,thepoet.ImportantwritersandworksA.Importantnovelists:1.LaurenceSterne(1713-1768)羅倫斯·斯特恩(representativeofsentimentalism,realisticnovelist)

Tristram

Shandy

(1760-7)

《項迪傳》

ASentimentalJourney

(1768)

《感傷旅行》2.SamuelRichardson(1689-1761)撒繆爾·理查生

(representativeofsentimentalism)

Pamela

（1740）《帕美拉》

ClarissaHarlowe

(1747-8)《克萊麗莎·哈婁》3.DanielDefoe(1660-1731)丹尼爾·笛福

famousenlightenerandrealisticnovelist

RobinsonCrusoe(1719)《魯賓遜漂流記》

4.JonathanSwift

(1667-1745)江奈生·斯威夫特

famousenlightenerandrealisticnovelist

Gulliver‘sTravels

(1726)《格利佛游記》5.HenryFielding

(1704-1754)亨利·菲爾丁

famousenlightenerandrealisticnovelist

TomJones

(1749)《湯姆·瓊斯》B.ImportantPoets1.AlexanderPope

(1688-1744)亞歷山大·蒲柏

therepresentativeoftheneo-classicalschool.

EssayonCriticism

(1711)《批評論》2.ThomasGrey

(1716-1771)托馬斯·格雷

ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard

《墓園挽歌》1750

amodelofsentimentalistpoetry3.WilliamBlake

(1757-1827)romanticpoet

威廉·布雷克

TheSongsofInnocence(1789)《天真之歌》

TheSongsofExperience

(1794)《經驗之歌》TheChimneySweeper4.RobertBurns(1759-1796)romanticScottishpoet.羅伯特·彭斯

Poems,ChieflyintheScottishDialect

（1786）ARed,RedRose

SamuelRichardson(1689-1761)

撒繆爾.理查生

A.Hisposition

Heisoneoftherepresentativesofthesentimentalschool.

B.Hismainworks

Pamela(1740)orVirtueRewardedClarissaHarlowe(1747-1748)

SamuelRichardsonSamuelRichardsonC.Thenovelwasanewthingin

threeways:1)Pamelapicturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.2)It'sintentionwasnotonlyentertainmentbutalsomoralinstruction.3)Itdescribednotonlysayingsanddoingsofthecharactersbutalsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeelings.SamuelRichardsonD.Threefirsts:1)

ItisthefirstEnglishnovelinthemodernsense.2)ItisthefirstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel.3)Itisthefirstepistolarynovel.

FeaturesofRichardson'sNovels1)Richardsonisthefirstnovelistofsentimentalisttradition.Hisnovelshaveamoralpurpose.2)Heisanoutstandingnovelistbecausehehadmuchsympathyforwomen.Healsoexposedthemoralhypocrisyofthesocietyofhisday.3)

Allofhisnovelsarewrittenintheformofletters.Hewasthemasterofwritingepistolarynovels.SamuelRichardson1)MajorthemeLovebetweenmanandwoman2)Patriarchalsociety-Freedom,property,poweronlyforman-Awomanisaslaveinaman’sworld.3)Theproblemofmarriage4)Epistolarynovel-Toshowthesubjective,internal,private,emotionalfeelingofayoungwomanLaurenceSterne(1713-1768)羅倫斯.斯特恩

LaurenceSterne(1713-1768)羅倫斯·斯特恩LaurenceSterne(1713-1768)羅倫斯.斯特恩

A.Hisliteraryposition-HeisthemostoutstandingfigureofEnglishsentimentalistschool.

B.HismainworksTristramShandy(1760-7)

-It’sSterne'smasterpieceandmadehimfamous.Itisastrangeandplotlessnovel.ASentimentalJourney(1768)

Sentimentalismisnamedafterthiswork.

LaurenceSterneFeaturesofSterne'sNovels:

1)Sternewastherepresentativeofsentimentalisminthe18thcentury.Tohimsentimentwasmoreimportantthanreason.2)Hegavedetaileddescriptionsofthecharacters'innerthoughtsandfeelings.3)Sterne'scharactersareordinarypersons.Theyarelikerealpersonswithfaultsandmerits.

TheBeginningofModernNovelRealism:thegeneralattempttodepictthingsaccurately,fromeitheravisual,socialoremotionalperspective.

--Realismistheshowingofthingsastheyreallyare.DanielDefoe

(1660-1731)

DanielDefoe

(1660-1731)

丹尼爾.笛福1)Hislife:-thesonofaLondonbutcher-alittleschooling-supporterof"theGloriousRevolution"-arrestedandputinprison

Fourfacts:(1)Defoehadvarietyofoccupations.(2)Hewasradicalnon-conformistinreligion.(3)Defoeknewprisonlife.(4)Hewasgreatinatleasttwooccupations:journalism,authorship.2)Hisposition-Heisthediscovererofthemodernnovelandhasbeencalled"FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovels".-Heisthe

firstimportantnovelistinEnglishliterature-HisRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunneroftheEnglishrealisticnovel.

3)HismainworksRobinsonCrusoe(1719)

CaptainSingleton(1720)

《辛格頓船長》---anovelofadventureMollFlanders(1722)

《莫爾.弗蘭德斯》writtenintheformofautobiographyColonelJacque(1722)AJournalofthePlagueYear(1722)《大疫年日記》InithedescribedtheGreatPlagueofLondon.HymntothePillory《枷刑頌》---apoem4)Hismasterpieces

RobinsonCrusoe(1719)《魯賓遜漂流記》

a.BriefIntroductionGenre:novelAuthor:DanielDefoeType:romanceofadventureTime:1651-1705Place:onadesertislandoffthecoastofSouthAmericaFirstpublished:1719Maincharacters:RobinsonCrusoe:asailor,amerchant,aplantationownerandaslavetrader;Friday,onesavage,Crusoe'sfaithfulservantb.Plot(seethemovie)c.Image-theimageofatrueempire-builder,acolonizerandaforeigntrader,thecourageandwilltofacehardships

Theauthorpraiseslabourandman'seffortstoconquernature,butatthesametimebeautifiesanddefendsthepolicyofcolonialismofBritishgovernment.Theme:

(a)Itcelebratesthestrengthofhumanrationalwilltoconquerthenaturalenvironment.(b)Robinsonistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.Hissuccesswasdueto

thesturdyqualitiesinhischaracter,tohisownunaidedefforts,tohiscourageandpatience,tohispracticalskill,andtohisintelligentpersistence.

FeaturesofhisNovels(1)Picaresquetradition(2)Autobiographicalformandfirstpersonnarration(3)Journalisticstylewithgreatdetailandspecifictimeandspace(4)Language2.JonathanSwift

(1667-1745)

江奈生.斯威夫特A.Hislife:-SwiftwasborninDublin.HisparentswereEnglishmen.Beforehewasborn,hisfatherdied.-HestudiedinDublinUniversity-theprivatesecretarytoSirWilliamTemple-regardedhimasoneofhisslavesB.Swift'spositionandhisliteraryfeatures1)oneofthegreatestwritersofsatiricprose2)oneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose:Hislanguageissimple，clear,andvigorous.3)writinginthecapacityofafictitiouscharacter

4)oneoftherealisticwriters

5)democraticideas:Swiftexpressesdemocraticideasinhisworks.Thisinfluencesonlaterwritersstrongly.

C.Hisworks

Gulliver'sTravels

(1726)《格利佛游記》1.Introduction:Itisinfourbooks.PartOne:LilliputPartTwo:BrobdingnagPartThree:floatingislandcalledLaputasatireonphilosophersPartFour:Houyhnhnms--horses--reasonYahoos--hisowncountrymenJonathanSwiftD.TheThemeofGulliver'sTravels

--Thenovelcriticizesandsatirizestherealityofsociety.Itisasatireontheeighteenth-centuryEnglishsociety,touchinguponthepolitical,religious,legal,military,scientific,philosophicalaboutalmosteveryaspectofthesociety.Gulliver'sTravelsisabooksimpleenoughforachild,andyetcomplexenoughforanadult.Toadultreaders,itismorethanatravelstory.

JonathanSwiftE.Swift’sSatire

--Swiftisamastersatirist,andhisironyisdeadly.Buthissatireismaskedbyanoutwardgravity,andanapparentcalmnessconcealshisbitterirony.Thismakeshissatireallthemorepowerful,asshowninhis“ModestProposal”.

JonathanSwiftE.Swift’sSatire

-Ironyisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingonethingandmeaningtheopposite.-Satirereferstotheridiculeandironyusedtoshowtheevilorfoolishnessofsomebodyorsomethinginanamusingway.AModestProposal1.Whatisthesocialbackgroundforthisproposal?2.Whatisthemelancholyobjectwhenpeopletravelinthecountry?3.Whatistheproposal?4.Howdoestheauthorprovidestatisticalevidenceforhisproposal,especiallythenumberofbabiestobesoldannually?(WuWeiren,2013:182)AModestProposal-SwiftpublishedAModestProposalin1729asapamphlet.Duringthistime,Irelandwasnotanindependentcountry,whichwasfarpoorerthanEngland.-TherulingclasswasProtestant,whowasbornnotinIrelandandnotlivedtherepermanently.-MostIrishpeoplewereRomanCatholicswhowereemployedaslaborersortenants.Theyhadbeendriventoextremepoverty.AModestProposal--InAModestProposal,SwiftsuggestedwithbitterironythatthepovertyoftheIrishpeopleshouldberelievedbythesaleoftheirchildrenasfoodfortherich.--Withanapparentlylogicalandsinceretone,Swiftisindeedsaying:TheEnglisharedevouringtheIrish.--Thebitterironyisseeninthesharpcontrastbetweenthecalmtoneandthebrutalityofthec