翻譯的功能類型

AFunctionalTypologyofTranslations（1997）TheFundamentalDrawbacksoftheEquivalenceModel1.FocusesonmainlystructuralqualitiesoftheST,losingtheintrinsicinterrelationshipbetweenextratextualandintratextualfactorsofcommunicativeinteractionoutofsight.主要關注原文的結構，忽視了文外因素和文內因素本質上的交流互動。2.Itdoesn’ttakeculturalaspectsintosufficientlyconsideration.文化因素沒能得到充分考慮。3.Lacksconsistency缺乏一致性。4.Thetransferstandardsaredifferentorevencontradictory.翻譯標準不一致，甚至相互矛盾5.Itdoesn’taccountforculture-specificdifferencesintranslationalconcepts.沒有解釋出文化類型的不同點

6.Excludestarget-languagetextwhichdonotsatisfythecriterionofequivalence.對等模式將那些不滿足對等標準的目的語文本排除在外7.Thesourcetextanditsvalueareconsideredtobetheoneandonlystandard.把源語文本和其價值視為唯一的標準FunctionalismPlusLoyaltyasanAlternativeModelSinceobviouslytheequivalencemodelisnotadequatetotheneedsofprofessionaltranslationinamodernsociety,herearewhatweneedforanalternative:既然對等理論不足以滿足現代社會職業(yè)翻譯的需要，以下是幾種替代模式：1.apragmaticmodel語用模式2.acultural-orientedmodel文化導向模式3.aconsistentmodel一致模式4.acomprehensivemodel綜合模式5.ananti-universalistmodel反普遍主義模式6.apracticalmodel實踐模式7.anexpertmodel專家模式TheSkoposModel目的論Oneofthemainfactorsintheskoposofacommunicativeactivityisthereceiveroraddresseewiththetheirspecificcommunicativeneeds.目的論的主要因素是帶著不同交際需求的接受者或聽話人ThisappliesbothtoSTandTT.對源語文本和譯語文本都適用ThefocusisshiftedfromSTtoTTanditscommunicativefunctionorfunctions.關注點從源語轉移到譯語和譯語的功能CharacteristicsThismodelispragmaticinthatittakestarget-orientationseriouslyandevenmakesthetargetreceiverthemostimportantdeterminantoftranslationaldecisions.這個理論是務實的，因為它認真對待譯文讀者，并且將其作為決定譯文好壞的最重要決定者。ThismodelisconsistentbecauseitpermitsanytranslationprocedureswhichwillleadtoafunctionalTT.這個理論是一致的，因為它容許任何功能性的翻譯。Thismodeliscomprehensivebecausetargetfunctionisconsideredtobethemainstandardforanytranslationprocess.這個理論可以理解，因為它把目的功能作為主要的翻譯準則。Thismodelispracticalbecauseitcanbeappliedtoanyassignmentoccurringinprofessionaltranslationpractice.這個理論是實用的，因為它可以應用于任何職業(yè)翻譯任務。Thismodelgivesdueconsiderationtotheroleofthetranslatorasanexpert.這個理論給了譯者應有的專家地位。FunctionalityPlusLoyaltyTwoReservationstotheSkoposModelbyNord.諾德對于目的論有兩個保留意見：a.culture-specificityoftranslationalmodel翻譯模式的文化特殊性b.relationshipbetweenthetranslatorandtheSTauthor.譯者和原文作者的關系問題。fora,translatorshouldmeditatebetweenthetwocultures譯者應該作為兩種文化的中介forb,authorandtranslatorareequivalent作者和譯者地位等同，譯者應忠實于作者TheNotionofFunction功能的概念AModelofBasicTextFunctions文本的幾種功能1.referentialfunction指示功能2.expressivefunction表情功能3.appellativefunction呼喚功能4.phaticfunction寒暄功能AFunctionalTypologyofTranslationsdocumentarytranslationWord-for-wordtranslation逐字對譯Literaltranslation字面翻譯philologicaltranslation注釋翻譯exoticizingtranslation異域翻譯instrumentaltranslationEquifunctionaltranslation等功能翻譯Heterofunctionaltranslation異功能翻譯Homologoustranslation類體裁翻譯TheLimitsofTranslationCopyingormerelytransliteratingatextortextpartcannotbecalled"translating";norcanwenacceptasa"translation"anyrenderingwhichdoesnotrespecttheprincipleofloyalty.Example12CubaPlanningtheTranslationProcessSource-textAnalysisandTranslationStrategyextratextualfactor文外因素intratextualfactor文內因素文外因素涉及信息發(fā)送者及其意圖、接受者、媒介/渠道、交際地點、交際時間、交際動機、文本功能、互文因素等；文內因素包含了從詞、句、段落到內容主題等方面。CategorizingTranslationProblems(a)pragmatictranslationproblem(b)interculturaltranslationproblem(c)interlingualtranslationpro