2025年雅思閱讀寫作真題

2025年雅思閱讀寫作真題

INTERNATIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEM

READINGPASSAGE1

TheRevivalofRewilding:RestoringEarth'sNaturalRhythms

A.Theconceptof"rewilding"emergedinthelate20thcenturyasaradicalresponsetotheescalatingcrisisofbiodiversityloss.Unliketraditionalconservationstrategies,whichoftenfocusonpreservingspecificspeciesormaintainingthestatusquoofadegradedlandscape,rewildingseekstorestoreecosystemstoastateofself-regulation.Bysteppingbackandallowingnaturalprocessestodictatethetrajectoryoftheland,conservationistshopetorebuildcomplex,resilientwebsoflifethatcanwithstandenvironmentalshocks.Thecorephilosophyissimpleyetprofound:natureknowsbest,andgiventhechance,itcanhealitself.

B.OneofthemostcompellingexamplesofthisapproachisthePleistoceneParkinnortheasternSiberia.Here,scientistsareattemptingtorecreatethe"MammothSteppe,"anecosystemthatvanishedthousandsofyearsago.Thekeytothisrestorationisnotthereintroductionofwoollymammoths—whichareextinct—butrathertheintroductionoflargeherbivoreslikemodernhorses,reindeer,andbison.Theseanimalsperformacriticalecologicalfunction:theytramplethesnowinwinter,whichexposesthegroundtoextremecold.Thisactionkeepsthepermafrostfrozen,preventingthereleaseofvastquantitiesofgreenhousegases.Withoutthesegrazers,thesnowactsasablanket,insulatingtheearthandacceleratingthawing.

C.Theimpactoflargeherbivoresextendsbeyondtemperatureregulation.InEurope,thereintroductionoftheEuropeanbison(wisent)totheforestsofPolandandRomaniahashadcascadingeffectsonbiodiversity.Bygrazingandbrowsing,thesegiantscreateamosaicofhabitats—openglades,scrubland,anddenseforest—thatsupportawiderarrayofspeciesthanauniformcanopy.Furthermore,theirwallowingandmovementbreakupthesoil,allowingseedstogerminateandincreasingthenutrientcyclingrate.This"trophiccascade"demonstrateshowasinglekeystonespeciescanengineertheenvironmentforamultitudeofothers.

D.However,rewildingisnotwithoutitscontroversies.Oneoftheprimarycriticismsisthepotentialconflictwithhumanlanduse,particularlyagriculture.IntheUK,forinstance,proposalstoreintroducethelynxhavesparkedfiercedebate.Farmersarguethatthepredationoflivestockposesasignificanteconomicthreatandunderminestheirwayoflife.Proponentscounterthattheeconomicbenefitsofeco-tourismandtheecosystemservicesprovidedbytoppredators—suchascontrollingdeerpopulations—faroutweighthelosses.Theyadvocateforcompensationschemestomitigatefarmers'financialrisks,thoughthelogisticsandfundingofsuchschemesremainpointsofcontention.

E.Anotherchallengeliesindefiningthe"baseline"forrestoration.Whichhistoricalepochshouldbethetarget?Shouldweaimforthelandscapeof1800,1000BC,orthePleistoceneera?Criticsarguethattheclimatehaschangedsofundamentallythatpastecosystemscannotbefaithfullyrecreated.Ifthetemperatureandrainfallpatternshaveshifted,bringingbackspeciesfromabygoneeramayresultinecologicalmismatches.Supportersofrewilding,however,arguethattheexacthistoricalcompositionislessimportantthantherestorationoffunctionalprocesses.Theyemphasize"functionalrewilding"—fillingecologicalnichestoensurethesystemworks—ratherthanstricthistoricalfidelity.

F.Theroleoftheoceaninrewildingisoftenoverlooked,yetitisequallyvital.Marineecosystemshavebeendevastatedbyoverfishing,pollution,andclimatechange.Initiativestorestorekelpforestsandseagrassbedsarecrucialbecausethesehabitatsactaspowerfulcarbonsinks,sequesteringcarbonupto35timesfasterthantropicalrainforests.ThereintroductionofseaottersinthePacificNorthwest,forexample,hascontrolledseaurchinpopulations,whichhadpreviouslydecimatedkelpforests.Thisrecoveryhasprovidedhabitatforfish,invertebrates,andmarinemammals,illustratingtheinterconnectednessofmarinefoodwebs.

G.Ultimately,thesuccessofrewildingdependsonhumanperceptionandculturalshift.Itrequiresamoveawayfromananthropocentricviewofnature—wheretheenvironmentexistssolelytoservehumanneeds—towardanecocentricone.Thisshiftinvolvesacceptingthatnaturecanbewild,unpredictable,andoccasionallyinconvenient.Italsonecessitatesthecreationof"cores,corridors,andcarnivores"—largeprotectedareas,connectingwildlifecorridors,andapexpredatorstodrivethedynamicsoftheecosystem.AswemovefurtherintotheAnthropocene,rewildingoffersaglimmerofhope,notjustforsavingspecies,butforsavingthelife-supportsystemsofourplanet.

Questions1-4

ThereadingPassagehassevenparagraphsA-G.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.

1.Anexplanationofhowanimalsphysicallyalterthesoilandclimateconditions.

2.Thephilosophicaldistinctionbetweenrewildingandstandardconservationmethods.

3.Thedifficultiesinestablishingahistoricalreferencepointforecosystemrestoration.

4.Theeconomicandsocialdisputessurroundingthereturnofpredatorstoagriculturalareas.

Questions5-8

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions5-8)andthelistofpeople/entitiesbelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson/entity,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD,inboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

ListofPeople/Entities

A.FarmersintheUK

B.ScientistsinSiberia

C.Proponentsofrewilding

D.Criticsofrewilding

5.Theybelievethatthechangingclimatemakeshistoricalrestorationimpossibleorimpractical.

6.Theyprioritizetherestorationofnaturalfunctionsoverexacthistoricalreplication.

7.Theyfearfortheirfinancialstabilityduetothelossofanimals.

8.Theyusemodernanimalstomimictheecologicalroleofextinctspecies.

Questions9-13

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes9-13onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

9.Rewildingaimstocreateastaticenvironmentthatneverchanges.

10.ThepresenceofsnowinSiberiapreventsthereleaseofgreenhousegasesregardlessofanimalactivity.

11.TheEuropeanbisonhasbeenshowntodecreasethevarietyofhabitatsinEuropeanforests.

12.Kelpforestsarelesseffectiveatcarbonstoragethantropicalrainforests.

13.Theterm"Anthropocene"referstoageologicalepochdefinedbysignificanthumanimpactontheEarth.

READINGPASSAGE2

TheScienceofChronobiology:RhythmsofLife

A.Chronobiologyisthemultidisciplinarystudyofbiologicalrhythms,specificallythecyclicalvariationsinphysiologicalandbehavioralprocesses.Theserhythmsarenotmerelyresponsestoexternalcuesbutaredrivenbyendogenousbiologicalclocks—internaltimekeepersthathaveevolvedtoanticipateenvironmentalchanges.Themostprominentoftheseisthecircadianrhythm,aroughly24-hourcyclethatregulatesthesleep-wakecycle,hormonerelease,bodytemperature,andmetabolism.Thisinternaltimingmechanismiscrucialforsurvival,allowingorganismstosynchronizetheiractivitieswiththeEarth'srotation,optimizingenergyexpenditureandresourceacquisition.

B.Atthemolecularlevel,thecircadianclockisgovernedbyacomplexfeedbackloopinvolvingspecific"clockgenes."Inmammals,themasterclockislocatedinthesuprachiasmaticnucleus(SCN),atinyregionofthebrainsituatedinthehypothalamus,directlyabovetheopticchiasm.TheSCNreceivesdirectlightinputfromtheretinaviatheretinohypothalamictract.Thislightinformationistheprimary"zeitgeber"(time-giver)thatentrainstheinternalclocktotheexternalsolarday.Whenlighthitstheretina,signalsaresenttotheSCN,whichthenadjuststheproductionofhormoneslikemelatonin,effectivelyresettingthebody'sclockeachmorning.

C.Thedisruptionofthesefinelytunedrhythmscanhavesevereconsequencesforhealth.Modernlifestyles,characterizedbyartificiallighting,shiftwork,andtranscontinentaltravel,frequentlyleadtocircadianmisalignment.AconditionknownasShiftWorkDisorder(SWD)illustratesthisconflict.Individualswhoworknighthoursareforcedtobeactivewhentheirbiologicalclockdictatesrest,andsleepwhentheclockpromoteswakefulness.Thismisalignmentislinkedtoahostofpathologies,includingincreasedriskofcardiovasculardisease,metabolicsyndrome,andcertaincancers.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasclassifiedshiftworkthatinvolvescircadiandisruptionasaprobablehumancarcinogen.

D.Therelationshipbetweenchronobiologyandmetabolismisparticularlyintricate.Metabolicprocessesarehighlyrhythmic;forinstance,insulinsensitivityfluctuatesthroughouttheday,typicallypeakingduringtheactivephase.Eatingatirregulartimes,orduringtheusualbiologicalrestphase(lateatnight),candisruptthemetaboliccyclesoftheliverandpancreas.Thistemporalmismatchcanleadtoimpairedglucosetoleranceandweightgain.Researchsuggeststhat"TimeRestrictedFeeding"(TRF)—consumingfoodwithinaconsistent8-10hourwindow—canrestoremetabolicrhythmsandmitigateobesity,evenwithoutareductionincaloricintake.TheefficacyofTRFcanbemodeledbytherelationshipbetweenenergyintakeandmetabolicrateovertime,expressedas:

ΔE=∈(I(t)?M(t))dt

WhereI(t)istherateofenergyintakeandM(t)isthemetabolicrateattimet.

E.Beyondthedailycircadiancycle,organismsexhibitinfradianrhythms(cycleslongerthan24hours)andultradianrhythms(cyclesshorterthan24hours).Infradianrhythmsincludetheseasonalbreedingcyclesofanimalsandthehumanmenstrualcycle.Thesecyclesareoftengovernedbychangesinphotoperiod(daylength)andtemperature.Ultradianrhythms,suchasthe90-minutecycleofhumansleeparchitecture(movingfromnon-REMtoREMsleep)orthepulsatilereleaseofhormones,occurmultipletimeswithinaday.Thecoordinationofthesemultipletimescalescreatesatemporalsymphonythatensuresphysiologicalstability.

F.Chronobiologyalsohasprofoundimplicationsforthefieldofmedicine,specificallypharmacology.Theefficacyandtoxicityofdrugscanvarysignificantlydependingonthetimeofadministration,aphenomenonknownas"chronopharmacology."Forexample,chemotherapydrugsareoftenmoreeffectiveandlesstoxicwhenadministeredatspecifictimesthatalignwiththecelldivisioncyclesofcancercellsversushealthycells.Similarly,bloodpressuremedicationsmaybemoreeffectivewhentakenatnight,asbloodpressurenaturallydipsduringsleep(the"dippingphenomenon").Tailoringmedicaltreatmentstobiologicalrhythmsrepresentsamovetowardspersonalized,precisionmedicine.

G.Asourunderstandingofbiologicaltimedeepens,itisbecomingclearthattimingisafundamentaldimensionoflife.Fromthesynchronizationofcoralspawningtothetimingofhumancognitiveperformance,biologicalclocksareomnipresent.Ignoringthesetemporalstructures,asmodernsocietyoftendoes,comesatacost.Futureadvancementsinpublichealthmayrelylessonchemicalinterventionsandmoreon"chronotherapy"—aligningourlifestyleandmedicaltreatmentswiththenaturalrhythmsofourbiologytooptimizehealthandlongevity.

Questions14-19

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.

14.AccordingtoparagraphA,whyarebiologicalclockscrucialforsurvival?

A.Theyalloworganismstoignoreenvironmentalchanges.

B.Theyhelporganismsanticipateandsynchronizewiththeenvironment.

C.Theyaresolelyresponsibleforhormonerelease.

D.Theymaintainaconstantbodytemperatureregardlessofexternalconditions.

15.InparagraphB,whatistheprimaryfunctionofthesuprachiasmaticnucleus(SCN)?

A.Itproducesmelatonindirectly.

B.Itactsasthemasterclockbyprocessinglightsignals.

C.Itcontrolsthemovementoftheeyemuscles.

D.Itregulatesthesleep-wakecycleindependentlyoflight.

16.Whatdoestheterm"zeitgeber"refertointhecontextofchronobiology?

A.Atypeofgeneticmutationaffectingsleep.

B.Amedicationusedtotreatinsomnia.

C.Anexternalcue,likelight,thatresetsthebiologicalclock.

D.Theinternalmechanismthatgeneratesthecircadianrhythm.

17.ParagraphCsuggeststhatShiftWorkDisorder(SWD)canresultin:

A.Improvedcardiovascularhealthduetoincreasedactivity.

B.Adecreaseintheriskofmetabolicsyndrome.

C.PotentialclassificationasaprobablecarcinogenbytheWHO.

D.Betteralignmentwiththesolarday.

18.AccordingtoparagraphD,whatisthemainbenefitofTimeRestrictedFeeding(TRF)?

A.Itallowsforunlimitedcaloricintake.

B.Itforcesareductionintotalcaloriesconsumed.

C.Itrestoresmetabolicrhythmsandcanhelpwithweightmanagement.

D.Iteliminatestheneedforinsulin.

19.ParagraphFdiscusses"chronopharmacology."Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofthis?

A.Takingadrugataspecifictimetomaximizeeffectivenessandminimizetoxicity.

B.Usingaplacebototesttheefficacyofadrug.

C.Developingnewdrugsthathavenosideeffects.

D.Prescribinghigherdosesofmedicationtoolderpatients.

Questions20-26

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes20-26onyouranswersheet.

Biologicalrhythmsoperateonvarioustimescales.Inadditiontothe24-hourcircadianrhythm,thereareinfradianrhythms,whicharelongerthanaday,suchasthehuman(20)__________cycle,andultradianrhythms,whichareshorter,suchasthecyclesof(21)__________architecture.Thestudyoftheserhythmshasledtotheconceptof(22)__________,whichinvolvestimingmedicaltreatmentstocoincidewiththebody'snaturalcycles.Forinstance,bloodpressuremedicationmaybemoreeffectivewhentakenat(23)__________.Furthermore,metabolichealthiscloselylinkedtotiming;eatinglateatnightcandisruptthecyclesofthe(24)__________andpancreas.Tocounteractthis,TimeRestrictedFeedinglimitsfoodintaketoaspecificwindow.Ultimately,respectingbiologicaltimeisessentialforhealth,aconceptthatmaydefinefuture(25)__________strategies.Thisholisticviewrecognizesthatlifeisgovernedbya(26)__________symphonyofinteractingcycles.

READINGPASSAGE3

TheCognitiveArchitectureofCreativity

A.Creativityhaslongbeenconsideredoneofthemostelusivetraitsofthehumanmind,oftenattributedtoamysticalmuseordivineinspiration.However,moderncognitiveneurosciencehasbeguntodemystifycreativity,revealingitnotasamagicalsparkbutasacomplexcognitiveprocessthatcanbemappedtospecificneuralnetworks.Creativityisgenerallydefinedastheabilitytoproduceworkthatisbothnovelanduseful.Thisdualrequirementnecessitatestheinteractionoftwodistinctbutcomplementarycognitivemodes:divergentthinking,whichgeneratesmultiplepossibilities,andconvergentthinking,whichselectsandrefinesthebestsolution.

B.Neuroimagingstudies,particularlyusingfMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging),haveidentifiedtheDefaultModeNetwork(DMN)asacriticalplayerinthecreativeprocess.TheDMNisanetworkofinteractingbrainregionsthatisactivewhenapersonisnotfocusedontheoutsideworld(i.e.,duringwakefulrest,daydreaming,ormind-wandering).Keycomponentsincludethemedialprefrontalcortex,theposteriorcingulatecortex,andtheangulargyrus.Whenindividualsengageintasksrequiringdivergentthinking—suchasbrainstormingorimprovisation—theDMNshowsincreasedactivity.Thissuggeststhatthecapacitytodetachfromimmediaterealityandsimulatealternativescenariosisfundamentaltocreativeinsight.

C.Conversely,theExecutiveControlNetwork(ECN),anchoredbythedorsolateralprefrontalcortex,isassociatedwithfocus,planning,andworkingmemory.Thisnetworkiscrucialforconvergentthinking.OncetheDMNhasgeneratedaplethoraofideas,theECNmuststepintoevaluatethem,inhibitinappropriateresponses,andsustainattentiononthetaskofrefiningthechosenconcept.TheinterplaybetweentheDMNandECNisdelicate;toomuchDMNactivitymayleadtouncontrolled,tangentialthought(asseeninsomeformsofpsychosis),whiletoomuchECNactivitymayresultinrigid,unimaginativethinking.

D.Interestingly,recentresearchsuggeststhatcreativebreakthroughsoftenoccurwhenthebraineffectivelyswitchesbetweenthesenetworks.AstudybyBeatyetal.(2015)foundthathighlycreativepeopleexhibitedgreaterconnectivitybetweentheDMNandthesaliencenetwork.Thesaliencenetwork,anchoredintheanteriorinsula,actsasaswitchthatdetectsrelevantinternalandexternalstimuli.IteffectivelytogglesbetweentheDMN(forinternalgeneration)andtheECN(forexternalevaluation).Thisdynamicflexibilityallowscreativeindividualstoaccessthe"streamofconsciousness"andthencriticallyevaluateitinrapidsuccession.

E.Theenvironmentalsoplaysasignificantroleinmodulatingcreativeoutput.Whilethe"torturedartist"archetypesuggeststhatsufferingenhancescreativity,empiricalevidencepointstoamorenuancedrelationship.Positiveaffectgenerallybroadensattentionandfacilitatescognitiveflexibility,traitsconducivetodivergentthinking.However,mildtomoderatenegativeaffectcansometimessharpenfocusandenhancepersistence,aidingconvergentthinking.Furthermore,thephysicalenvironmentmatters.Open-planoffices,oftentoutedasfosteringcollaboration,canactuallyhinderdeepworkrequiredforcomplexproblem-solvingduetoconstantinterruptionsandlackofprivacy.

F.Anotherfactorinfluencingcreativityisthephenomenonof"incubation."Oftenreferredtoasthe"Eurekamoment,"asolutiontoaproblemmaysuddenlyappearafteraperiodofstruggleandsubsequentdisengagement.Duringtheincubationperiod,theconsciousmindfocusesonothertasks,allowingtheunconsciousmindtocontinueprocessingtheproblem.Thissupportsthetheorythatcreativeinsightsareoftentheresultofremoteassociation—connectingseeminglyunrelatedconcepts.Theunconsciousmindhasabroadersearchcapacity,scanningmemoriesandknowledgethattheconsciousmindmightdeemirrelevant.

G.Theimplicationsofthisresearchextendbeyondtherealmofartandmusicintobusinessandeducation.Inanerawhereautomationandartificialintelligencecanhandleroutinecognitivetasks,humancreativitybecomesapremiumasset.Understandingthatcreativityreliesonspecificneuralmechanismssuggeststhatitcanbenurtured.Techniquessuchasmindfulness(toimproveattentionalcontrol),exposuretodiverseexperiences(tobroadenthedatabaseofknowledge),andallowingforunstructuredtime(tofacilitateDMNactivity)areevidence-basedstrategiestoenhancecreativepotential.

Questions27-31

ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA-Gfromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumber,i-viii,inboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.

ListofHeadings

i.Theneurologicalbalancebetweenimaginationandlogic

ii.TheroleoftheDefaultModeNetworkingeneratingideas

iii.Definingcreativityasacognitiveprocess

iv.TheimportanceoftheSalienceNetworkinswitchingmodes

v.Environmentalandemotionalinfluencesoncreativity

vi.Thecommercialvalueofcreativityinthemodernworld

vii.Thephenomenonofunconsciousproblemsolving

viii.Thelimitationsofneuroimagingtechnology

27.ParagraphA

28.ParagraphB

29.ParagraphC

30.ParagraphD

31.ParagraphE

Questions32-36

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes32-36onyouranswersheet.

32.Creativityisdefinedastheabilitytoproducesomethingthatisbothnewand__________.

33.Thebrainnetworkactiveduringdaydreamingandmind-wanderingisknownasthe__________.

34.The__________isresponsibleforevaluatingideasandsustainingattention.

35.Thenetworkthatactsasaswitchbetweeninternalandexternalprocessingiscalledthe__________.

36.The"Eurekamoment"isoftenassociatedwiththeperiodknownas__________.

Questions37-40

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?

Inboxes37-40onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviews

NOifthestatementcontradictstheviews

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

37.Creativityissolelyaresultofdivineinspirationandcannotbeexplainedbyscience.

38.HighactivityintheExecutiveControlNetworkisalwaysbeneficialforcreativity.

39.Open-planofficesaretheidealenvironmentforfosteringdeepcreativework.

40.Creativitycanbeimprovedthroughspecificpracticeslikemindfulnessanddiverseexperiences.

INTERNATIONALENGLISHLANGUAGETESTINGSYSTEM

WRITINGTASK1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thechartsbelowshowthepercentageofelectricityproducedbydifferentsourcesinaspecificcountryin1995and2005.

Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.

[ChartDescription:Thefirstchartisapiechartfor1995.Coal:60%,Nuclear:25%,Gas:5%,Oil:5%,Other(Renewables):5%.

Thesecondchartisapiechartfor2005.Coal:30%,Nuclear:35%,Gas:25%,Oil:5%,Other(Renewables):5%.]

Writeatleast150words.

WRITINGTASK2

Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistask.

Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:

Insomecountries,therehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberofparentswhochoosetoeducatetheirchildrenathomeratherthansendingthemtoschool.

Dotheadvantagesofhomeschoolingoutweighitsdisadvantages?

Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience.

Writeatleast250words.

ANSWERKEYANDEXPLANATIONS

ReadingPassage1:TheRevivalofRewilding

1.B

Explanation:ParagraphBdiscusseshowanimals(herbivores)tramplesnow(physicalalteration)tokeeppermafrostfrozen(climateconditions).

2.A

Explanation:ParagraphAcontrastsrewildingwith"traditionalconservationstrategies,"highlightingthecorephilosophyoflettingnaturalprocessesdictatethelandscape.

3.E

Explanation:ParagraphEexplicitlydiscussesthechallengeofdefiningthe"baseline"andwhichhistoricalepochtotarget.

4.D

Explanation:ParagraphDfocusesonthe"fiercedebate"and"conflictwithhumanlanduse,"specificallymentioningfarmers'concernsaboutlivestockandeconomicthreats.

5.D

Explanation:ParagraphEmentionscriticsarguingthatclimatechangehasshiftedsomuchthatpastecosystemscannotberecreated("ecologicalmismatches").

6.C

Explanation:ParagraphEstatesthatsupportersemphasize"functionalrewilding"andthatfillingecologicalnichesismoreimportantthanhistoricalfidelity.

7.A

Explanation:ParagraphDstatesthatfarmersarguepredationposesa"significanteconomicthreat."

8.B

Explanation:ParagraphBmentionsscientistsinSiberiaintroducingmodernhorses/reindeertoperformthefunctionofextinctmammoths.

9.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphAstatesrewildingseekstorestoreecosystemstoastateof"self-regulation"and"withstandenvironmentalshocks,"implyingadynamic,notstatic,environment.

10.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphBexplainsthatwithoutgrazers,snowactsasablanket,insulatingtheearthandacceleratingthawing(releasinggases).Grazersexposethegroundtocoldtopreventthis.

11.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphCstatesbisoncreatea"mosaicofhabitats"thatsupporta"widerarrayofspecies,"notdecreasevariety.

12.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphFstateskelpforestssequestercarbon"upto35timesfasterthantropicalrainforests,"contradictingthestatement.

13.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphGmentions"AswemovefurtherintotheAnthropocene,"implyingitisthecurrentepochofhumanimpact.

ReadingPassage2:TheScienceofChronobiology

14.B

Explanation:ParagraphAstatesclocksalloworganismsto"synchronizetheiractivitieswiththeEarth'srotation...anticipatingenvironmentalchanges."

15.B

Explanation:ParagraphBdescribestheSCNasthe"masterclock"thatreceiveslightinputandadjustshormones.

16.C

Explanation:ParagraphBdefines"zeitgeber"(time-giver)aslightinformationthatentrainstheclock.

17.C

Explanation:ParagraphCmentionstheWHOclassificationofshiftworkinvolvingcircadiandisruptionasa"probablehumancarcinogen."

18.C

Explanation:ParagraphDstatesTRFcan"restoremetabolicrhythmsandmitigateobesity."

19.A

Explanation:ParagraphFdefineschronopharmacologyasthevariationofdrugefficacy/toxicitydependingonthetimeofadministration.

20.menstrual

Explanation:ParagraphEliststhehumanmenstrualcycleasanexampleofaninfradianrhythm.

21.humansleep

Explanation:ParagraphEliststhe"90-minutecycleofhumansleeparchitecture"asanultradianrhythm.

22.chronopharmacology/chronotherapy

Explanation:ParagraphFintroduces"chronopharmacology"(timingmedicaltreatments).ParagraphGalsomentions"chronotherapy."

23.night

Explanation:ParagraphFsuggestsbloodpressuremedsmaybemoreeffectivewhentakenatnight.

24.liver

Explanation:ParagraphDmentionseatinglateatnightdisruptsthemetaboliccyclesofthe"liverandpancreas."

25.publichealth

Explanation:ParagraphGsuggestsfutureadvancementsin"publichealth"mayrelyonchronotherapy.

26.temporal

Explanation:ParagraphGreferstolifebeinggovernedbya"temporalsymphony."

ReadingPassage3:TheCognitiveArchitectureofCreativity

27.iii

Explanation:ParagraphAdefinescreativityasacognitiveprocess(novelanduseful)involvingdivergentandconvergentthinking.

28.ii

Explanation:ParagraphBfocusesentirelyontheDefaultModeNetwork(DMN)anditsroleindivergentthinking/ideageneration.

29.i

Explanation:ParagraphCdiscussestheExecutiveControlNetwork(ECN)andthe"delicate"interplay/balancebetweenDMN(imagination)andECN(logic).

30.iv

Explanation:ParagraphDintroducestheSalienceNetworkanditsfu