普通心理學(xué)第七講thlan文檔

普通心理學(xué)第七講thlan文檔第一頁，共38頁。ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.2第二頁，共38頁。OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage3第三頁，共38頁。1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions4第四頁，共38頁。1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.5第五頁，共38頁。1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)6第六頁，共38頁。7第七頁，共38頁。ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin8第八頁，共38頁。概念與歸類狗樣例定義特征德國牧羊犬獵狗長毛卷耳狗玩具獅子狗四足、有尾動物吠聲、氣喘、淌口水通常受馴養(yǎng)、友好能捉跳蚤9第九頁，共38頁。水果樣例的典型性10第十頁，共38頁。概念的形成11第十一頁，共38頁。1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.12第十二頁，共38頁。2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview13第十三頁，共38頁。2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 14第十四頁，共38頁。三段論(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB15第十五頁，共38頁。三段論推理未婚者都不戴結(jié)婚戒指。小李未戴結(jié)婚戒指。所以，小李未婚。卡片一面是數(shù)字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是數(shù)字3。要驗證第二個命題，必須翻什么卡片？AB3216第十六頁，共38頁。2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.17第十七頁，共38頁。2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState18第十八頁，共38頁。2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved19第十九頁，共38頁。2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和標準)20第二十頁，共38頁。Problem-SolvingStrategies21第二十一頁，共38頁。2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility22第二十二頁，共38頁。23第二十三頁，共38頁。RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)24第二十四頁，共38頁。2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness25第二十五頁，共38頁。2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed26第二十六頁，共38頁。2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems27第二十七頁，共38頁。2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓醬Wilsonetal.(1993)：藝術(shù)畫28第二十八頁，共38頁。AssignmentNo.4人類思維過程容易出現(xiàn)失誤。為什么？ 請展開思路，從多個角度加以說明。29第二十九頁，共38頁。3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.30第三十頁，共38頁。MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?31第三十一頁，共38頁。3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates32第三十二頁，共38頁。3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:MisplacingtheElementsofLanguage(PDP)SurfaceandDeepStructureTransformationalGrammarLAD,LanguageAcquisitionDeviceContextandMeaning33第三十三頁，共38頁。3.3F